by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM ET] | PDF

Our Comment begins with our take on the latest FOMC meeting and the shift away from forward guidance. We then examine the ongoing debate concerning open versus closed AI, followed by a brief update on the Iran conflict, central bank gold buying, and the Bank of England’s rate decision. As always, we conclude with a review of recent domestic and international economic data.

Fed Family Fight? At its latest meeting, the FOMC held interest rates steady at a target range of 3.5%–3.75%, though the decision was not unanimous. Three Fed officials dissented, advocating instead for a rate hike. This reluctance to tighten policy comes as market patience with Fed Chair Kevin Warsh wears thin, with investors increasingly questioning the central bank’s commitment to its 2% inflation target. Consequently, markets are beginning to price in a less responsive Federal Reserve.

• The FOMC’s decision to hold rates steady comes as Fed officials maintain a patient stance on inflation, particularly given ongoing conflicts in the Middle East. In its post-meeting statement, the Fed reaffirmed that Middle East tensions remain a source of economic uncertainty, even as the economy and job market stay solid. The only notable revision was to its balance sheet strategy, shifting from language stating it is “reaffirming” its approach to instead stating that it “is continuing” its policy of maintaining ample reserves in the banking system.
• During the press conference, the Fed chair said the central bank continues to be committed to its objectives, but offered little clarity beyond that. He began by framing the discussion around several questions raised during the two-day meeting: whether the past really is past, whether shocks affect output or employment, whether capex spending feeds into inflation, and whether the balance sheet is still providing policy accommodation. He did not provide any clear answers.
• Additionally, Warsh seemed to double down on moving away from forward guidance. He suggested that while the market is functioning as intended, the Fed will not be bound by market expectations. He specifically cited rising bond yields as evidence that the market is reacting to data and setting rate expectations independently rather than waiting on the Fed. However, when pressed about market expectations for higher rates, he reiterated that these forecasts will not dictate Fed policy.
• Following the meeting, markets seemed to grow uneasy that the Fed was not treating its price-stability mandate with sufficient seriousness. In response, the 30-year US Treasury sold off and the dollar softened after the speech. That said, we see these moves as potentially short-lived, as the three dissents still suggest that a rate hike remains firmly on the table for the next meeting. If incoming data improves over the coming weeks, the market reaction could prove temporary.

Open vs. Closed AI: Major tech companies are pushing back against sweeping AI regulatory changes, as national security concerns intensify both domestically and abroad. On Wednesday, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg voiced support for more open-source AI, arguing that it could make the technology more widely accessible. His remarks come amid growing unease that increased centralization and tighter restrictions could stifle innovation and raise broader questions about the appropriate use of AI.

• AI systems fall into three categories: open source, open weight, and closed source. Open-source AI makes the code and, in some cases, training data available for anyone to use, modify, and share; open-weight models make the trained parameters publicly available but may still keep the code and architecture proprietary; and closed-source systems, such as those from Anthropic and OpenAI, keep the underlying code private and offer limited customization.
• The drive for more open-source AI comes as companies grow increasingly worried that closed platforms lack the same level of flexibility as their open counterparts. Much of this unease stems from industry players who do not want to be constrained by the rigid guardrails and safety protocols inherent in proprietary systems. Last week’s hacking of Hugging Face, a prominent AI company, by a rogue AI agent underscored these concerns. The breach could not be immediately remedied by Anthropic’s or OpenAI’s models, forcing the company’s operators to turn to open-source Chinese models.
• The push for AI is reshaping how the United States competes in the global AI race. While China has made open AI a central feature of its strategy, the US is still debating its own path forward. Proponents of closed systems argue that AI remains too dangerous to make openly available to the public, while advocates of open-weight models contend that broader accessibility would not only accelerate technological growth but also lower barriers for new businesses to enter the space.
• If the US continues to favor closed-source models, development could slow, leaving it vulnerable to pressure from Chinese competitors. On the other hand, shifting toward open-source or open-weight models could hurt the profitability of AI companies like OpenAI and Anthropic, both of which are reportedly eyeing IPOs. While this debate is unlikely to affect AI momentum in the short term, it could shape the industry’s trajectory going forward.

US Strikes Back: The US responded to Iranian attacks on Wednesday, retaliating for a surprise strike on American airbases the day prior. The response follows earlier Iranian attacks on US allies in the Middle East, including Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman, as well as strikes on shipping in the Strait of Hormuz. In turn, the US has targeted Iran and is coordinating with Saudi Arabia to go after Iranian forces and their proxies in Iraq. The latest attacks suggest that the conflict may be broadening across the region.

Central Bank Gold: There were downward revisions to estimated central bank gold purchases in the first half of the year. The slowdown appears to reflect, in part, the conflict involving Iran, which led some central banks to reduce gold holdings to offset lost revenue from weaker oil sales. There is also a possibility that central banks became more price sensitive, particularly early in the year. The pullback removes an important source of support for gold.

BOE Pause: The Bank of England voted to keep its benchmark rate steady amid ongoing tensions in the Middle East. The vote was 6-3, with the three dissenters favoring a quarter-point increase. Officials left rates unchanged, appearing more apprehensive about GDP slowing faster than expected than about the inflation outlook. The decision underscores the pressure central banks face as they try to bring inflation down while still supporting growth.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM ET] | PDF

Our Comment opens with the latest escalation in the Iran conflict. We then turn to the Federal Reserve, examining the growing speculation of a potential rate hike at this meeting. Next, we briefly cover Ukraine’s drone campaign inside Russia, the US crackdown on imports of Chinese-made robots, and China’s deepening involvement in the Iran conflict. As always, we also include a review of recent domestic and international economic data.

Surprise Attack: Tensions between the United States and Iran are likely to intensify following reported attacks on US military bases. On Tuesday, US officials said ballistic missiles targeting American bases in the Middle East were successfully intercepted, with no reported damage. Still, the incident has renewed apprehension that the fragile de-escalation between the two sides could quickly unravel. The attacks also raise the risk that the conflict could reaccelerate and broaden beyond its current scope.

• The timing coincides with growing signs that the conflict is spreading across the Middle East. On Tuesday, an Iran-backed militia in Iraq launched a drone attack targeting oil fields in Saudi Arabia, marking an apparent expansion of strikes that began Monday across multiple locations, including Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. The pattern of attacks suggests a broader Iranian effort to deter regional actors from supporting US military operations.
• The attacks are likely to complicate efforts to wind down the conflict. Prior to the reports, President Trump met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and indicated that the United States may be reluctant to deepen its involvement. At the same time, Trump struck an optimistic tone on negotiations, stating that talks with Iran were progressing well, while reiterating his threat to target Iranian infrastructure if a deal is not reached.
• The recent escalation underscores how this war may not have a clear off-ramp. Iran’s attacks indicate it is prepared to prolong the conflict so long as it believes that doing so preserves leverage in negotiations. The US, meanwhile, is left with a difficult choice between widening a highly unpredictable conflict or adopting a more restrained approach that acknowledges the limits of its willingness to defend maritime interests in the region.
• While the US may prefer to de-escalate, the continuation of the conflict could well keep it involved. US forces may ultimately be pressed to take more aggressive steps to reassert deterrence, including the potential deployment of troops and broader operations in Iran. This uncertainty is expected to support energy prices and weigh on bond markets going forward. Equities, however, may remain relatively resilient as investors stay more focused on earnings.

Fed Talks: There is growing speculation that the Federal Reserve may hike rates following today’s meeting. According to Citadel Securities, new Fed Chair Kevin Warsh may look to surprise markets with a rate hike as a way to strengthen his inflation-fighting credentials. The move would coincide with growing unease about inflation, as the conflict in the Middle East continues to rattle energy markets. While markets still favor a pause, the potential for a surprise hike could shock markets.

• Speculation about the Fed’s next move has intensified as markets try to assess how the central bank will preserve credibility amid uncertainty in the Middle East. The resurgence in fighting between the US and Iran has pushed oil prices higher again, with crude approaching $100 a barrel last week. More broadly, renewed tariffs have raised questions about the ability of firms to manage cost pressures, adding to concerns about whether businesses will pass those costs on to consumers.
• Additionally, there has been a notable hawkish shift within the FOMC. In the latest dots plot, a majority of committee members favored either keeping rates unchanged or raising them this year, with only one participant, most likely Fed Governor Michelle Bowman, expecting a rate cut. This marks a sharp departure from the previous dots plot, released at the onset of the Iran conflict, when the majority favored rate cuts and none anticipated a hike.
• The push for more hawkish policy comes as markets begin to question the Fed’s willingness to address rising inflation pressures. The 10-year yield has risen by as much as 30 basis points since the last FOMC meeting, suggesting that inflation premia have begun to increase. That move comes as investors appear to be losing confidence in the Fed’s ability to use its policy tools to bring inflation back down. As a result, a rate hike could help restore some of that confidence.
• Although a rate hike at today’s meeting is not our base case, we think it remains possible given Warsh’s desire to restore the Fed’s credibility. In our view, any rate hike would probably be described as a one-off move, as the central bank seeks to keep its options open for the next few meetings. While the prospect of a rate hike would probably weigh on equities, it may offer some relief for long-term bond yields.

Ukraine Expands: Kyiv has intensified its campaign against Russian energy infrastructure, broadening its focus beyond oil refineries to other hard-to-replace critical assets. The shift comes as Ukraine’s long-range strikes have grown more effective, and as Kyiv seeks to raise the economic cost of the war and pressure Moscow back to the negotiating table. By targeting infrastructure that is difficult and slow to rebuild, Ukraine aims to compound the financial and logistical strain on Russia’s war effort.

AI Protectionism: The White House has announced a ban on Chinese-made humanoid robots over national security concerns. The decision to restrict the use of Chinese robots comes as the US seeks to prevent Chinese technology from being embedded in its supply chains. The move also reflects China’s growing role as a market leader in AI-powered robotics. It could pave the way for additional measures as Washington looks to maintain its edge over China in the AI race.

China Backing Iran? Iran is expected to receive a shipment of Chinese-made air defense missile launchers in the coming weeks. The move comes as Iran seeks to strengthen its air defenses in preparation for a potentially prolonged conflict with the US. Chinese involvement is apt to heighten concerns amid rising tensions between Washington and Beijing. The shipment also underscores Beijing’s support for rivals of the US and could further strain relations between the two powers.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM ET] | PDF

Our Comment today opens with an update on the war in Iran, where the latest reporting hints that the US might continue its pause in attacks in order to let its new financial sanctions on Iran have an impact. We next review several other international and US developments that could affect the financial markets today, including a few words on the new sell-off in semiconductor stocks related to artificial intelligence and the latest expectations for this week’s Federal Reserve policy meeting.

United States-Israel-Iran: While initial reports suggested a key reason why the US paused its attacks on Iran over the weekend was concern about dwindling supplies of air defense weapons, new reporting suggests another key reason was a growing sense that more bombing would be less effective than a further tightening of financial sanctions on Tehran. New intelligence reportedly shows that the Iranian government is having trouble paying its troops, for example.

• If true, and if the administration is willing to be patient long enough for the new sanctions to have their full effect, the pause in hostilities could be more prolonged than earlier anticipated.
• If so, the risks associated with the conflict could be reduced, global energy prices could continue to retreat, and threats to the global economy and financial markets could cool.

Global Artificial Intelligence Industry: Semiconductor stocks related to AI remain under pressure so far this morning, a day after US chip stocks fell sharply on news of another “circular” investment deal in the AI space (this time between Nvidia and customer OpenAI). The sell-off today extended to Asia, pushing South Korea’s tech-heavy Kospi stock price index 10% lower and Japan’s Nikkei 4% lower. AI-related stocks could remain volatile this week as major US tech firms report earnings and China continues to announce new technology breakthroughs.

• With companies issuing mountains of new equity and debt to pay for their galloping AI investments, new data shows their cost of capital is also rising — a phenomenon that could help end the frenzy.
• New research from Bank of America indicates that the supply of new bonds this year from AI companies has already reached $270 billion in early July, almost double what was raised in all of 2025.

China-Germany: Mercedes-Benz has become the third German automaker to cut its 2026 sales forecast because of weakening sales in China. While automakers say they are still committed to the country, they face a range of headwinds there, from weak consumer demand to cutthroat competition from local brands. The news is likely to heighten Europe’s growing concern about its trade relationship with China, including not just challenges for European firms selling there but also a flood of cheap Chinese imports that are hurting European manufacturers.

Poland: Prime Minister Tusk’s main opposition, the right-wing Law and Justice party, will formalize a split today in which former prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki and other key politicians will establish a new, rival conservative party. The disarray in the right-wing opposition could help solidify Tusk’s political position ahead of next year’s parliamentary elections. If Tusk wins with a better position in parliament, Poland will likely continue to repair its ties with the European Union and be a stronger bulwark against Russian influence in the EU.

Singapore: The Monetary Authority of Singapore yesterday tightened monetary policy to address increased consumer price inflation because of the war in Iran. Since Singapore imports most of its goods, it tightens monetary policy by boosting the exchange value of the currency. In any case, the move highlights how global central banks are under pressure to tighten policy to address the rise in inflation resulting from the Iran conflict. Multiple other central banks are expected to hike interest rates, potentially putting new stress on the greenback.

US Monetary Policy: The Fed today starts its latest policy meeting, with its decision due on Wednesday at 2:00 PM ET. Based on current interest-rate futures trading, the policymakers are expected to hold their benchmark short-term interest rate, the fed funds rate, unchanged at 3.50% to 3.75%. However, the trading suggests investors see more than a 1-in-3 chance that policymakers could hike rates in response to persistently high price inflation and the new price pressures arising from the war in Iran. That highlights the risk of an unexpected rate hike that would unsettle markets.

US Trade Policy: The same small firms that brought the lawsuits that led to the invalidation or undermining of President Trump’s previous tariffs have now filed fresh lawsuits against the administration’s new tariffs announced last week. At this point, it’s still too early to know how vulnerable the new tariffs will be to legal scrutiny. Nevertheless, the new lawsuits will probably increase the sense of uncertainty regarding the US’s future trade policy and will therefore likely be a headwind for US economic activity.

US Stock Market: Reflecting the new headwinds for once high-flying AI stocks, Nvidia yesterday saw its market capitalization eclipsed by Apple. As of yesterday’s close, Apple was once again the world’s most valuable public company, with its market cap rising to $4.95 trillion while Nvidia’s market cap fell to $4.76 trillion. The development is likely to be especially welcomed by Apple, which one year ago was being criticized for what investors felt was a low-energy, lackluster AI program.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM ET] | PDF

Our Comment today opens with an update on the war in Iran, where both the US and Iran have paused their attacks on each other, sparking a sharp fall in oil prices. We next review several other international and US developments that could affect the financial markets today, including a discussion of Japan’s vulnerability to extended oil supply disruptions and some notes on US monetary and fiscal policy.

United States-Israel-Iran: As the US unexpectedly paused its attacks on Iran over the weekend, sources in the administration said a key reason was concern about dwindling US stockpiles of air defense weapons. Reflecting investor hopes for a new, extended ceasefire, global oil prices have fallen about 6.1% so far this morning, with near Brent futures at $86.14 per barrel. Still, the Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen have expanded their attacks beyond shipping in the Red Sea and have hit at least one oil refinery in Saudi Arabia, raising new risks to global refined product supplies.

• President Trump’s decision not to launch further attacks on Iran over the weekend came despite his assertions last week that he was prepared to greatly intensify US strikes. At the time, at least one administration official said the president was becoming frustrated with the war and had shifted into a vengeful mood. If true, the dwindling US weapon inventory may provide a useful brake on decision making.
• Still, the report about the president’s mood bears watching. Launching any war is risky, as leaders have known since at least the days of the ancient Greeks. Emotions such as frustration, desperation, or a desire for revenge can cloud a leader’s judgment of benefits and costs. Even in the Ukraine war, periodic reports that President Putin is frustrated have raised concerns that he might try a risky “Hail Mary” attack with unpredictable consequences.
• Indeed, any leader getting bogged down in a war could be tempted to escalate in dangerous ways, potentially miscalculating the other side’s response or unleashing a chain reaction that can’t be easily controlled. Of course, one critical risk would be the temptation to use the very strongest weapons in the US arsenal, violating the nuclear taboo and probably touching off a new, global nuclear arms race. A less dramatic but still highly dangerous move would be to destroy or seize Iran’s oil infrastructure on Kharg Island.
• In any case, even without those extreme outcomes, the conflict in Iran remains volatile despite the current standdown.

Russia-Ukraine War: President Zelensky said over the weekend that Ukraine has intelligence showing the Kremlin has asked North Korea to send 30,000 more troops and additional ballistic missile launchers to help Russia defend itself against Ukraine’s increasingly effective attacks. According to Zelensky, Russia is already preparing to accept the new troops and other aid in the frontier region around Voronezh. In return, Russia is reportedly giving North Korea cash, military technology, food, and energy.

• Although Zelensky would have a political incentive to exaggerate North Korea’s cooperation with Russia, his assertion would be consistent with Ukraine’s expanded drone strikes across Russia.
• Those strikes have brought significant fuel shortages, commercial disruptions, and casualties home to the Russian people for the first time. Faced with rising anger and worry among everyday Russian citizens, President Putin probably feels pressure to turn the tide of the war back in Russia’s favor.
• Reports indicate that a lack of manpower for air defense units is one key reason why Ukrainian drones have become so successful in reaching their targets in Russia. The additional North Korean troops could free up troops to staff more air defense batteries, while the new missile launchers could allow Russia to intensify its offense strikes. Still, it’s unclear how much the additional North Korean aid would help Russia.
• Over the longer term, the bigger significance of any new round of Russian-North Korean cooperation could be a strengthening of bilateral relations and further technological sophistication for North Korean weaponry — a move that would make the country an even more dangerous actor.

Japan: Prime Minister Takaichi issued a statement on Saturday that the country has procured enough oil to meet the country’s needs in July, and that the supplies needed for August are also on track to be procured. She said the government, therefore, doesn’t plan to tap its strategic reserves any further in the near term. As for naphtha-derived plastic products, Takaichi said there has been no change in the outlook that they will remain available until next spring.

• Takaichi’s statement was clearly aimed at calming concerns in Japan about further petroleum supply disruptions now that the Iran conflict has flared up again.
• However, we’re struck by her statement about naphtha-derived products being available until spring. Given that there’s no end in sight for the war, it doesn’t seem inconceivable that global petroleum supplies could still be subject to disruption into 2027. For a highly developed country like Japan, it’s striking that it may only have eight months or so of visibility into its naphtha supplies.
• This underscores a concern that we’ve discussed repeatedly as the world fractures into relatively separate geopolitical and economic blocs and the wars in Ukraine and Iran further sever key global supply chains. As countries and companies increasingly face this reality, we think they will continue to prioritize resilience and stockpile resources. In turn, stockpiling demand will likely be a long-term support to commodity prices.

China: Memory-chip maker CXMT had its initial public offering on the Shanghai stock market today, with its share price at closing up a whopping 466% from its offering price. The price surge left CXMT with a market capitalization of $484 billion, making it the most valuable stock trading on mainland Chinese markets. The strong performance underlines how the frenzy for stocks related to artificial intelligence and the infrastructure to support it has now extended to China, the US’s main rival for the technology.

India: An interesting new article in the South China Morning Post indicates that India is now churning out a new warship roughly every six weeks as it seeks to expand its navy from about 150 hulls currently to at least 200 hulls by 2035. The report shows the new vessels coming out of India’s shipyards are made with about 75% local content. The article is more evidence that the global surge in the defense industry continues apace and is increasingly expanding from Europe to Asia, likely creating new investment opportunities there.

Indonesia: Long-serving central bank chief Perry Warjiyo resigned today, further raising concerns about central bank independence and volatile economic policymaking. Warjiyo’s resignation follows a period in which he was hiking interest rates to battle a crushing depreciation of the rupiah (IDR). The weakness in the currency is likely tied to President Prabowo’s big increases in social spending, which have widened the budget deficit.

United States-European Union: President Trump on Friday threatened to hit the European Union with “substantial” new tariffs over its decision to fine Google about $1 billion for violating its Digital Markets Act. If the president follows through with the threat, it could unravel last year’s US-EU trade deal, which ended the administration’s trade war against the EU. Such a development could pose new economic headwinds for many European companies and even US firms that rely on inputs from the EU.

US Politics: As we flagged in a Comment last week, a Democratic convention in Maine on Saturday officially chose Troy Jackson as the party’s candidate in the state’s November election for US Senate. Jackson replaces the initial candidate, Graham Platner, who withdrew over a scandal. Jackson is a former state Senate president, a small-time lumberman, and a progressive Democrat who supports Medicare for all, abortion rights, and economic populism, but he began his political career as a Republican who embraced conservative social policies.

• Despite Jackson’s transformation into a progressive Democrat from a conservative Republican, it is unclear how widely he will be supported in the November election.
• Incumbent Republican Sen. Susan Collins is considered a formidable opponent with ample financial resources to protect her seat.

US Monetary Policy: The Fed tomorrow begins its latest policy meeting, with its decision due on Wednesday at 2:00 PM ET. Based on current interest-rate futures trading, the policymakers are expected to hold the benchmark short-term interest rate, the fed funds rate, unchanged at 3.50% to 3.75%. However, the trading suggests investors see a 1-in-3 chance that the policymakers could hike rates in response to persistently high price inflation and the new price pressures arising from the war in Iran. That highlights the risk of an unexpected rate hike that would unsettle markets.

US Fiscal Policy: Reports on Friday revealed that administration officials in little-noticed court filings admitted they canceled more than $7.5 billion in Biden-era federal grants for clean energy projects last October “based solely” on political criteria, targeting projects in states that were represented by Democrats or had voted for Democrat Kamala Harris in the 2024 election.

• Many politicians are likely to use their power to reward allies and punish opponents, but the new reports show how the president’s extraordinarily strong political position and aggressive approach to using power have affected US fiscal policy.
• We discuss this phenomenon further in our latest Bi-Weekly Geopolitical Report, which will be published later today. We note in that report that strong, populist leaders in the US and some other developed countries are starting to push their political systems to new forms that look quite different from the traditional systems of the past.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM ET] | PDF

Our Comment opens with a discussion of the hacking incident involving one of OpenAI’s models. We then examine the White House’s newly implemented tariffs. Next, we briefly cover Chile’s push to refine more of its copper, Europe’s growing energy shortage, and new regulations for car doors. As always, we conclude with a review of recent domestic and international economic data.

AI Fears: The capabilities of AI tools continue to concern regulators and markets as the technology evolves in ways that are still difficult to predict. Earlier this week, OpenAI said one of its experimental agents escaped a controlled test environment, gained internet access, and breached the website Hugging Face during a cybersecurity exercise. The incident has heightened concerns about weak safeguards and is likely to increase pressure on lawmakers to advance new regulation as the United States competes with China for AI leadership.

• According to OpenAI, the incident involved a model that was a combination of its newly released GPT-5.6 Sol and an even more capable pre-release version. The breach occurred while the models were being tested internally in a sandbox, where the model then discovered a previously unknown vulnerability. From there, the AI model targeted Hugging Face, where the intrusion was detected and contained, with the company using a Chinese AI model to assist in its response.
• While the breach was significant, the motive was unusual. The AI model escaped its test environment in an effort to improve its evaluation score, targeting Hugging Face because it believed the platform contained the information it needed to cheat the benchmark. That narrow objective made the model easier to detect, since it left a clear trail of activity. Hugging Face later relied on a Chinese open-weight AI model after guardrails on US frontier models limited their usefulness in the investigation.
• The attack was relatively benign largely because it was not designed to target more sensitive information. Still, the breach shows that these AI tools could become dangerous in the wrong hands if used to uncover vulnerabilities at major companies or access account numbers and private data. The risk may be even greater for smaller companies, which are likely to lag larger firms in developing the necessary infrastructure and protections.
• Additionally, Hugging Face’s use of a Chinese AI model to help resolve the incident highlights a key weakness in the US strategy. Closed proprietary models are often more expensive and can be harder to use in fast-moving situations such as a cyberattack, especially when guardrails limit their flexibility. As a result, open-weight Chinese models, while still trailing the best US systems in some areas, remain attractive to firms.
• We expect the hacking incident could prompt the US to treat AI more explicitly as a national security risk. That could lead to more pre-release government testing of certain models and tighter regulation of foreign AI systems, including those developed in China. While we do not think this will affect the current momentum, it could create some long-term pressure on firms’ ability to generate profits.

Liberation Part II: The White House has announced a new round of tariffs to replace those set to expire today. The levies follow the administration’s investigation into forced labor in global supply chains and are intended to protect US workers. The new duties target major trading partners at rates of 10% to 12.5% and were set to take effect earlier today at 12:01 AM. The tariffs are also designed to reinforce compliance with trade agreements reached last year.

• The new tariffs will replace those that have now expired after the Supreme Court struck down the administration’s IEEPA-based duties earlier this year. The administration has since pivoted to Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, which USTR says allows action against unfair or discriminatory foreign practices. The provision is widely viewed as a more durable legal basis than IEEPA. The new tariffs will need to be renewed every four years, but this should ensure that the tariffs will stay in place.
• The new tariffs include key exemptions designed to reduce the chances of supply chain disruptions. Goods already covered by industry-specific tariffs are not facing additional levies, and key inputs such as food, fuel, and fertilizers are also excluded. Additional exemptions may still be granted on a case-by-case basis, depending on strategic importance and any previous commitments to the White House.
• The new tariffs are not expected to have the same market impact as last year’s round. While the structure of the latest measures differs from the original tariffs imposed last year, firms have had time to adapt, leaving companies more resilient than they were a year ago. As a result, we believe the new tariffs will have a more limited effect on the economy and financial markets.

Chile Diversification: The country is looking to build out its own refining industry so it can become more self-sufficient as it seeks to play a larger role in the global data center boom. While it will likely continue to maintain ties with Beijing, developing its own refining capacity would give it more flexibility to sell refined copper on its own terms. The move also aligns with US efforts to deepen its relationships with South American countries as Washington works to strengthen its own AI supply chain.

European Struggles: The ongoing conflict between the US and Iran has begun to weigh on Europe. Renewed tensions have pushed gas prices toward levels that have not been seen since the conflict’s onset, reflecting a tightening supply backdrop as Europe competes with Asia for LNG. Elevated prices are making it more difficult for the region to build storage ahead of the winter months, which could leave it more susceptible to price swings. Although Europe has reduced consumption and is less vulnerable than it was a few years ago, the risk of energy stress has nonetheless increased.

Car Regulations: The US government is weighing new regulations for car door handles. The move comes amid rising reports of people becoming trapped in their cars, which has in some cases led to fatalities. The proposed rules would apply to vehicles with electronically operated door handles, which can stop working if the car loses power or is involved in a crash. The new requirements are expected to take effect over the next few years but could raise costs for automakers.

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