by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

Continued tensions in the Middle East are supporting crude oil prices.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Commercial crude oil inventories fell 4.5 mb compared to forecasts of a 0.6 mb draw.  The SPR was unchanged, which puts the net draw at 4.5 mb.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production was steady at 13.2 mbpd.  Exports rose 2.3 mbpd, while imports fell 0.4 mbpd.  Refining activity rose 0.4% to 86.1% of capacity.  The rise likely signals that we are coming to the end of the autumn refinery maintenance period, which should lift oil demand.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  Last week’s is contrary to seasonal patterns, but we do note that refinery operations rose this week.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

Fair value, using commercial inventories and the EUR for independent variables, yields a price of $74.38.  However, given the level of geopolitical risk in the market, we are not surprised that oil prices are well above this model’s fair value.

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in late 1984.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $94.45.

Market News:

• Rising prices for diesel fuel are creating an opportunity for China to expand product exports. Although China is dependent on foreign oil supplies, it has expanded its refining capacity, giving it the ability to export product.  It is worth noting that China has been buying sanctioned oil from Iran and Russia at discounts and in its own currency, likely creating attractive refining margins.  Russia has been curtailing diesel exports to secure domestic supplies which is giving China an export opportunity.
  • China is ordering natural gas suppliers to boost their inventory.
• For the first time in history, crude oil is poised to become America’s largest export. The combination of rising production and higher prices, along with demand from Europe, have led to this development.
  • At the same time, environmental activists are working to create impediments to U.S. LNG exports.
• Canada is nearing the completion of its Trans-Mountain Pipeline, which will allow it to send oil from central Canada to the Pacific coast. This development will likely raise prices on Canadian oil exported to the U.S.  At the same time, it should also reduce prices to Asia.

Geopolitical News:

• As Israel begins its ground offensive in Gaza, we continue to watch for signs of escalation. Iran is warning Israel not to expand its offensive into Gaza, while the U.S. is warning Iran not to escalate the current conflict into a regional war.  In the wake of the missile strike on a Gaza hospital, Iran has called for an oil embargo on Israel and is warning of pre-emptive strikes.  There is a dispute over who is responsible for the attack on the hospital: Israel claims it was a misguided missile launched by either Hamas or Islamic Jihad, while Hamas accuses Israel.
  • The U.S. has issued new sanctions on Iran, mostly targeting Iranian firms tied to supporting Iran’s missile and drone programs. The firms are based in Iran, Hong Kong, China, and Venezuela.
  • The U.S. has sent a second carrier strike force into the region, suggesting rising concern about a widening conflict.
  • Last week, we speculated that the Hamas invasion and Israeli response would likely lead to at least a suspension of Israel/KSA talks. The Saudis have confirmed that the talks are on hold for now.
  • China and Russia are decidedly siding with Hamas, likely to undermine U.S. influence in the Middle East.
• At the onset of the war in Ukraine, there were widespread concerns that the global fertilizer market would be disrupted. Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine were all significant producers of fertilizer.  In addition, one of the key feedstocks of fertilizer is natural gas, which has seen a jump in prices.  We are now seeing reports of fertilizer shortages, which will reduce crop yields, especially in the emerging economies.
• As the U.S. moves to tighten sanctions on Russia, Washington is also moving to ease them on Venezuela, likely to restrain oil prices. The Maduro government is agreeing to hold elections under international observation.
• The House of Representatives is planning to issue a subpoena to Robert Malley, the former Biden administration official who is under scrutiny on concerns he may be acting in the interests of Iran.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• For EVs to be a viable replacement for ICE (internal combustion engine) cars, the issue of range anxiety will need to be addressed. Currently, the range is about 350 miles, which is serviceable, but recharging can take a long time and finding places to recharge can be a challenge.  However, Toyota (TM, $177.68) may have the ultimate solution: a solid state battery that has a range in excess of 900 miles with a 10 minute recharge.  Such a combination would be an improvement over ICE vehicles and would likely resolve much of the range concern.  Toyota is working to mass produce these batteries, which are expected to be in its cars by the end of the decade.
  • Meanwhile, EV sales have started to fade in the U.S. due to rising costs coupled with range anxiety.
• Although there is general agreement among environmentalists that fossil fuel use needs to be curtailed, there is persistent opposition to the mining of the metals needed to make the transition. Often, these resources reside in environmentally sensitive areas.  Although we understand the concern, if areas where the metals can be found continue to be excluded, it may become difficult to accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels.
• As Britain contemplates achieving net zero by 2050, it is starting to count the costs of decommissioning its natural gas distribution network. These costs will be formidable.
• A recent study by the Dallas Federal Reserve is a “good news, bad news” story for wind and solar. There is clear evidence that these alternative power sources helped Texas avoid brownouts this summer.  The bad news is that the intermittency of these two sources have made managing the grid difficult as solar and wind power tend to increase in the daytime and taper off in the evening.  This pattern requires grid operators to adjust other power sources to accommodate this pattern.  Ramping up other sources, primarily natural gas fired turbines, tends to increase maintenance costs.  Battery storage may help grid operators deal with the intermittency issue.
• Within the EU, France and Germany are at loggerheads over the nuclear power issue.  The former wants nuclear power to be included as a green alternative.  Germany, which has decided to close its reactors, opposes this characterization.

Note: The next edition of this report will be published on November 2.

  View PDF

by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

The Hamas attack on Israel did lift oil prices earlier this week, but markets are mainly taking a “wait and see” approach to prices so far.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Commercial crude oil inventories jumped 10.2 mb compared to forecasts of a 0.4 mb draw.  The SPR was unchanged, which puts the net draw at 10.2 mb.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production has jumped 0.3 mbpd to 13.2 mbpd; we have suspected for some time that the DOE was undercounting production, which has led to large “adjustment” plug numbers.  Exports fell 1.9 mbpd, while imports rose 0.1 mbpd.  Refining activity fell 1.6% to 85.7% of capacity.  We are clearly heading into the autumn refinery maintenance period which should reduce oil demand.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  Last week’s jump in inventories is consistent with seasonal patterns and represents some “catch up” to the recent stockpile declines.  With refinery operations slowing, further increases in inventories would be expected.  At the same time, as the chart below shows, we should be near the trough of the seasonal maintenance period and demand should start rising soon.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

Fair value, using commercial inventories and the EUR for independent variables, yields a price of $72.52.  However, given the level of geopolitical risk in the market, we are not surprised that oil prices are well above this model’s fair value.

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in late 1984.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $93.83.

What’s Happening to Gasoline Demand?

As summer came to a close, gasoline demand turned down sharply.

It isn’t unusual for gasoline consumption to decline when summer ends.  Vacation season ends as school starts and, often, a seasonal decline in homebuilding activity can also hurt demand.

However, as the chart above suggests, the recent decline is rather sharp, and, more importantly, actually began during the summer.

We have noted that driving activity hasn’t been the same since the Great Financial Crisis.

From the early 1980s into the crisis, gasoline demand steadily rose.  Recessions didn’t generally  cause significant declines, but driving activity flattened following the crisis.  We did see some improvement from 2015 until the pandemic, but since the pandemic, miles driven have been under pressure.  There are likely a myriad of reasons for this change.  We were approaching the point where suburban sprawl had reached a limit; commutes were so long that households could no longer live further from work.  The pandemic introduced more widespread work-from-home employment, which played a role.  Also, social media now allows friends to “meet” without physically going anywhere.  So, it makes sense that gasoline demand would be affected.

This model looks at gasoline consumption from 1973 to the present.  We seasonally adjust the data and run a Hodrick-Prescott trend variable through the data.  Note the plunge in the divergence[1] in the most recent data.  The decline in gasoline demand suggests that something is affecting consumption.  Given that gasoline consumption is usually price insensitive, this may be a warning that the economy is under pressure.  Usually, when gasoline demand is this weak, a recession is underway.

Market News:

• Despite a hot summer, EU natural gas inventories are ample. Some of this is because last winter was mild, which meant the spring and summer refill seasons began with a surplus.  Now that inventories are mostly full, natural gas prices have been soft, and volatility has been low.  In the past week, however, this calm has been disrupted.  The Hamas incursion led to a production halt in the Eastern Mediterranean which triggered a jump in prices.  In addition, it’s worth noting that there is never enough storage if the winter is cold, and so, prices could move rapidly higher if the weather dictates.  Also, we note that Australian LNG workers are going on strike.
  • The IEA is projecting slower global natural gas demand in the coming years.
  • Germany is (wisely) considering increasing its natural gas inventory capacity.
• Drought is reducing water levels in the Panama Canal; the restrictions could reduce flows of petroleum, LNG, and related products.
• Although company information is not the primary focus of this report, the recent announcement of a merger between Pioneer (PXD, $239.71) and Exxon (XOM, $105.69) will give the latter a dominant position in the U.S. shale patch. Exxon usually engages in large projects that take years to develop.  By adding shale assets, it will be able to ramp up production quickly.  There are two takeaways: first, Exxon must feel comfortable that the U.S. policy environment will continue to support fossil fuel production; and second, the company may have been worried about the long-term prospects for oil and therefore wanted to increase its portfolio of rapid production assets.
  • In addition, Exxon’s expansion could bring more reliable oil flows from the shale patch. In recent years, smaller firms have heeded the call from shareholders to increase dividends and restrict investment.  Exxon will be less susceptible to such pressures.
• U.S. oil exports reached a new record in the first half of the year.
• Artificial intelligence energy demands are enormous and will likely drive the need for more generating capacity.

Geopolitical News:

• The major geopolitical news of the week was the surprise attack by Hamas on Israel. On Sunday, Hamas, operating in the Gaza strip, launched a widescale attack on southern Israel, assaulting several towns, killing several hundred Israelis, and taking over 100 hostages.  In our Daily Comment, we have covered this event.  For energy markets, there are four key factors:

1. The Saudi/Israeli normalization talks are likely dead for now. Although there was progress being made before the invasion, it would be difficult for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) not to show solidarity with Hamas.  At the same time, the degree of restraint Israel would have to exercise to keep negotiations alive would be near impossible for the Netanyahu government.  A deal that might encourage the Saudis to utilize the 2.0 mbpd of excess capacity to bring down oil prices is unlikely at this point.
   • Broader normalization among the Arab states is also uncertain at this time. Generally speaking, these states are issuing “both sides” types of statements and calling for a curtailment of violence.
2. If Iran is held culpable for supporting Hamas’s attack, some level of Israeli (and perhaps U.S.) retaliation is probably unavoidable. Although the retaliation could be covert by focusing on cyber-attacks and special operations, such low-key strikes might not be politically sufficient for Israel.  After all, this event is being described as Israel’s “9/11.”  A direct attack on Iran would almost certainly roil the oil market and send prices higher.  If Iranian crude shipments were forcibly curtailed, it would not be a surprise if Iran closed off the Strait of Hormuz.  We expect the U.S. to tread carefully in blaming Iran, but the evidence thus far seems to support its involvement.  We do expect the U.S. and Europe to try to prevent a widening of the conflict as a broader war would bring the risk of higher oil prices.  So far, Iran is claiming no role in the attack, which contradicts accounts recently detailed by the WSJ.  Our expected playbook on Iran is for increased sanctions, which will likely include freezing the recently unfrozen $6.0 billion of Iranian assets.  At the same time, expect to see reports that confirm Iran was not directly involved in the actual attack.
   • To a great extent, the White House will have to choose between sanctioning Iran or having higher oil prices. We note that Iranian production has been rising this year.

• • There will be pressure to reduce Iran’s exports in response to this event.  Of course, if it so chose, Saudi Arabia could plug this gap as it currently has 2.0 mbpd of excess capacity that it could tap.  Iran and Saudi Arabia have held talks recently, but we doubt that Riyadh would come to Tehran’s aid on this issue.
  • Potentially the biggest loser to renewed sanctions on Iran would be China. China has benefited by purchasing sanctioned oil at a discount.  At the same time, it has become dangerously dependent on oil flows from the Middle East that could possibly be interdicted by the U.S. Navy.
  • A potential beneficiary could be Venezuela. The White House may ease sanctions on the Maduro regime to contain oil prices.
  • We are also watching for other groups in the region to join the conflict. The most likely one would be Hezbollah.  Other armed insurrectionist groups in the Middle East have warned they may create a multifront war for the West.
  • There are also concerns that Russia may have aided Hamas.
  • The backlash against Israeli retaliation has begun.

3. This attack may stunt natural gas development in the eastern Mediterranean. The projects could be vulnerable to attack, and even if the current facilities can be secured, geopolitical risks could affect future investment.
4. As we have noted in recent reports, there is some evidence that Iran may have penetrated upper levels of the Biden administration. The Hamas attack could raise concerns about the administration’s recent actions to improve relations with Iran.

• China also issued statements, which can be characterized by “both sides, curtail violence, the U.S. caused these problems.” Israeli diplomats were unimpressed.
• A gas pipeline reaching from Finland to Estonia began leaking, raising fears of sabotage. NATO has warned it will respond if it turns out the pipeline was attacked.
• Russia, in a bid to keep domestic fuel prices low, has implemented an export ban. More importantly, Putin has also ordered price regulations and capital controls.  When the U.S. used such regulations in the 1970s, it led to widespread shortages.  The Kremlin may be banking on its power to force oil companies to lose money to prevent a similar experience.
• Scalise (R-LA) has been nominated by the Republicans to be speaker of the House but still needs to secure the position from the full House. He is a major supporter of the fossil fuel industry and would likely push back against the energy transition.
• The G-7 has relaxed its enforcement of the Russian oil price cap. Treasury Secretary Yellen announced the U.S. is preparing to crack down on sanction evasion.  We doubt the G-7 will have much success.  Russia has a fleet of tankers that allow it to evade sanctions and the buyers are getting by without Western insurance.
  • India recently paid Russia well in excess of the price cap.

Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• Nio (NIO, $8.53), a Chinese car company, is losing $35k per car. China’s ability to subsidize these losses makes the country a formidable competitor in this area.  As we have noted in recent reports, China appears to be targeting the EU for its EVs, and Brussels is increasingly concerned about Chinese dumping and the potential damage to Europe’s auto industry.
  • Overcapacity in the Chinese EV industry is likely to bring a shakeout in the coming months.
  • Chinese battery firms are creating trade paths to evade U.S. trade restrictions.
• The stigma against nuclear energy is slowly weakening in Europe as the need for electricity and the appeal of no carbon emissions make the source increasingly attractive.
• Kenya is emerging as a major leader in geothermal power. It plans on generating half of its electricity from this clean source.
• Perhaps the most important metal in the energy transition is copper. Battery metals will change as technology changes, but, to date, no one has developed an electrical conductor as price efficient as copper.  Unfortunately, existing mines are faced with a reduction in productivity as ore concentration declines.  Thus, new mines will be necessary in order to boost output; however, it has been difficult to fund and approve new projects.
• Heat pumps are an efficient, yet controversial, method for heating and cooling. The problem is that they don’t work well in extreme temperatures.  In the case of Germany, the government has been forcing homeowners to use heat pumps when they would prefer not to.  As the IEA points out, though, improving efficiency is an important part of reducing energy consumption.
• Technology has become an issue in recent union contract negotiations. For example, part of the demands of the Hollywood writers included protection against AI-derived scripts.  The UAW is worried that EVs will reduce the number of autoworkers required to build cars and, at the same time, the union fears battery factories are increasingly being sited in right-to-work states.  The new technology is a threat to UAW jobs and the current strike is trying to address these issues.

---

[1] We have truncated the residual data to reduce the chart distortions from the pandemic.

  View PDF