by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

Crude oil prices appear to have based but so far have failed to break above resistance at around $80-$82 per barrel.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Crude oil inventories rose 0.5 mb compared to a 3.0 mb draw forecast.  The SPR was unchanged.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production was unchanged at 12.2 mbpd.  Exports rose 0.8 mbpd, while imports fell 1.0 mbpd.  Refining activity rose 0.8% to 86.1% of capacity.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  Last week’s mostly steady injection is consistent with last year and seasonal patterns.  We expect this year to mostly follow last year, meaning that the usual rise in inventories isn’t likely.

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.  For the next few months, we expect the SPR level to remain steady, so changes in total stockpiles will be driven solely by commercial adjustments.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in 2001.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $107.07.

Market News:

• We are just over 11 months into Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. At this juncture, we don’t know what the outcome of the war will be.  Ukraine has proven itself to be a formidable opponent and is clearly leveraging its “home field advantage.”  At the same time, Russia is a larger nation and still has ample resources to throw at the conflict.  But even with this uncertainty, it looks like global energy markets are unlikely to return their pre-war state.
  • Europe now knows that Russia is an unreliable supplier of energy. Moscow would need to discount prices heavily to retake the European market share.  After all, Russia used to supply 40% of EU natural gas, but now that number is down to 14.4%.
  • Putin obviously wagered that the EU would not be willing to absorb the pain from the loss of Russian oil and natural gas. He might have been right, but in a fascinating twist of fate, a mild winter has allowed Europe to see a sharp drop in natural gas prices.  Russia, for centuries, has relied on winter as its ultimate defense against invaders.  Now, winter has, at best, postponed Russia’s leverage over Europe.  As supply chains adjust, Moscow’s leverage may be permanently reduced.
  • Russian oil has to go somewhere, and it has mostly flowed to India and China in a clear benefit to those nations. This has, however, reduced market share for Middle Eastern oil producers, and we wait to see their response.
  • Even with these expanded markets, it is highly likely that Russia will lose market share on global markets and eventually be forced to shut-in production. Complicating matters further is that that the price cap is beginning to reduce Russia’s revenues.  Washington’s goal with the price cap was this reduction in revenues, but it was also meant to keep oil supplies ample.  Thus, it set a price high enough to keep Russia producing, but low enough to “hurt.”  It’s quite possible that the price is set too low.
• On February 5, the EU will begin a price capping system on Russian oil products, along with an outright ban on Russian diesel. However, the actual setting of the caps hasn’t been resolved.
• Although the U.S. still imports crude oil and products, the net figure is increasingly positive, meaning that the U.S. is a net exporter of oil and products. As exports increase in importance, the goals of domestic energy security will clash with the oil industry’s revenue and profitability.
• OPEC+ is expected to keep production targets unchanged when it meets next Tuesday. The cartel is taking a “wait and see” approach to the crosscurrents of China’s reopening and a looming global slowdown.
• There are increasing reports that drilling activity is beginning to increase as high prices may finally be triggering a supply response. The DOE is forecasting that U.S. production will average 12.4 mbpd this year and 12.8 mbpd next year.
• Freeport LNG has announced its plant repairs are complete and the company is preparing to restart operations. Last year, the plant suffered a major accident which reduced operations for several months.  The return of this liquification plant is a bullish factor for U.S. natural gas prices.
• China’s electricity officials warn that economic recovery in the post-COVID era will boost electricity needs. This will lift demand for coal and LNG.
• China oil trading firm Unipec, the trading arm of Sinopec (6000028, CNY, 4.54), is reported to be aggressively buying crude oil. It isn’t clear if it is buying the crude for China or merely reselling it.  In 2022, China’s oil imports declined from the previous year, but with COVID restrictions being lifted, we may be seeing Chinese firms prepare for higher consumption.  Imports from Malaysia have recently hit a new record.
  • Japan’s oil imports have increased for the first time in a decade.
  • China has a large, but mostly inefficient, refining industry. Unlike most areas of the world, it is increasing its refining capacity, which could mean China will become a critical source of refined products.  Meanwhile, U.S. refining margins are rising, in part due to the continued slow recovery from the late December cold snap.

 Geopolitical News:

• Pakistan and Russia, Cold War enemies, are looking at an agreement where Russia would supply Pakistan with oil. Pakistan has suffered from being outbid by Europe for oil and LNG.  Russia would not only supply oil to the country but has also hinted that it would take payment in a “friendly” currency, likely CNY.  As U.S./Pakistan relations have cooled, the country has suffered a dollar shortage.  However, Pakistan appears to want Russian oil under the price cap regime, which may not appeal to Moscow.  This deal highlights the emerging blocs that we have been discussing over the past year.
• The U.S. has added additional sanctions on elements of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps for the body’s suppression of recent protests. The U.S. is also increasing pressure on China to end its purchases of Iranian oil.  We doubt China will comply, but the pressure might cap the amount of oil China purchases from Iran.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• There are reports that wind turbines are falling over as structural problems are emerging.
• This chart shows the impact of France’s nuclear power on fossil fuel consumption. It shows that, at least for electricity, nuclear power can displace fossil fuels.

• The U.S. is extending the life of its aging nuclear power plants.
• Recently, there was a reported breakthrough in fusion energy. Although we think the new information is interesting, it will be a long time before such power could be commercialized.  However, the U.S. is offering subsidies for firms working on this potential power source, and European companies are considering moving to the U.S. to capture this support.
• Although the U.S. and other nations are taking steps to build a domestic auto battery industry, in reality, China is expected to maintain its dominant position.
  • Another metal that has been overlooked in battery production is graphite. It comes from two sources—man made and mined.  The former is produced from oil, mostly in China (again!), while mined sources have mostly been underdeveloped.  There is growing interest in the mined sources, which are in short supply.
  • Lithium miners remain optimistic about demand and future earnings.
• In response to the Inflation Reduction Act’s (IRA) green energy subsidy measures, EU industries are asking for similar subsidies. This is partly in response to U.S. governors wooing European green energy firms to build factories in the U.S. to take advantage of the subsidies in the act.
  • An interesting political sidelight to the IRA is that much of the green industry subsidies are benefiting Republican-controlled states. It’s simply a matter of geography as ample wind and solar resources are found across the southern tier, which are mostly GOP states.  Although the GOP coalition includes extractive industries, the green subsidies may stay in place even with a change in government in the White House since the affected states won’t want to lose the support.
  • The IRA also has generous subsidies for EV buyers, but they are limited to domestically produced cars and batteries. There has been growing pressure on Washington to ease these restrictions, but Manchin (D-WV) is opposing such changes and is pushing to delay the implementation of the subsidies.

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by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

Crude oil prices are trying to base but so far have failed to break above resistance at around $80 per barrel.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Crude oil inventories rose 8.4 mb compared to a 2.0 mb draw forecast.  The SPR was unchanged, the first time since the reporting week of May 20, 2022.  The unusually large build was caused by slower than expected recovery in refinery operations.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production was unchanged at 12.2 mbpd.  Exports rose 1.7 mbpd, while imports rose 0.5 mbpd.  Refining activity rose 1.2% to 85.3% of capacity.  The Christmas cold snap closed in a significant level of refining activity, and the industry is slowly recovering.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  Last week’s jump in inventory means we are starting the year off with well above average inventory injections.  The chart does show that the usual seasonal pattern was not followed last year.  This is because the average still reflects the restrictions on U.S. oil exports whereas there isn’t much of a discernable pattern to this data now that exports are allowed.

Th chart below shows the sharp drop and partial recovery in refining operations.  Usually, we do see some refinery maintenance this time of year, which will end in early February.  Thus, we may not see a full recovery in refinery operations until later in the quarter.

(Sources:  DOE, CIM)

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.  For the next few months, we expect the SPR level to remain steady, so changes in total stockpiles will be driven solely by commercial adjustments.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in 2001.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $107.07.

Market News:

• As the government’s SPR sales begin to wind down, the potential for higher prices has increased. We do expect a resumption of sales if oil prices threaten $100 per barrel, but it is unlikely that we will see another large sale just because prices are high.  We believe that the SPR sale was an underappreciated bearish factor last year, and if we are correct, an end to selling will likely be more bullish than expected.
  • It is our position that the SPR will never be refilled to its +600 mb level last seen before the recent sales. The structure that the Biden administration has put in place to buy oil makes it very unlikely that purchases will occur.
• The IEA is warning that the reopening of China will lift global oil demand to a new record.
• The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is kicking off investment into the mining sector, likely to diversify its economy away from oil and gas just in case demand for these products fall as green energy expands. The $15 billion starter fund should boost mining investment and will likely support the sector.
  • Saudi Arabia, due to cost structure and low emissions from production, believes it will be the last oil producer standing, even as the world moves away from fossil fuels.
  • In another effort to diversify its energy sources, one that will be most controversial, the KSA has indicated that it will use its domestic uranium to complete the nuclear fuel cycle. In theory, doing so could give the country the wherewithal to develop nuclear weapons.  Given the advanced status of Iran’s program coupled with uncertainty surrounding the U.S. security guarantee, this claim could further raise risks in the region.
• The history of oil is littered with “we are running out” narratives. Daniel Yergin’s The Prize is perhaps the best history of the industry, and at several junctures, the accepted wisdom was that the age of oil was ending because all the fields had been tapped.  What history shows is that supply shortages lift prices, increasing not just exploration activity but also new technologies.  Since oil was discovered in 1859, this cycle has been in place.  Thus, when the Financial Times runs a story about the end of shale, we take it with a bit of skepticism.  In some respects, the story might be right if current conditions remain in place, but, those conditions probably won’t last.  The FT story and the EIA’s short-term forecast for production are predicated on prices staying about where they are.  However, as we have noted, if we assume around a 200 mb decline in commercial stockpiles, which would have occurred had it not been for the SPR draw, we would be looking at $135 per barrel for crude oil.  Prices at that level will probably change behaviors.  Supply issues, such as the lack of workers, capital constraints, regulatory constraints, etc., remain, but all these can be overcome with higher prices.
• There is an old adage in markets that “nothing cures high prices like high prices.” In market theory, price is a signal, and high prices tell consumers to conserve, but more importantly, they reward suppliers who bring product to market.  As prices rise, especially in Europe, we are seeing a notable increase in exploration and development activity in the eastern Mediterranean.  Large natural gas fields are being discovered in a difficult geopolitical environment.  Offshore fields south of Cyprus have brought the involvement of Turkey, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, and even indirectly, Hamas.  Although there has been some degree of cooperation, deep divisions remain; for example, Turkish and Greek vessels routinely threaten each other.  Government instability can also upend agreements, but high prices will make it more likely that these obstacles will be overcome and will improve the supply situation in Europe and the Middle East.

 Geopolitical News:

• The oil price cap is having a modest impact on Russian oil revenue. It is estimated that Russia has lost $172 million of revenue per day, cut from the typical $688 million per day.  So, the loss is notable, but as designed, is not enough to completely cut off oil supplies.
  • India remains an aggressive buyer of Russian crude oil. Chinese shippers are moving Russian oil to Asia.
  • At Davos, participants are worried that it may be next to impossible to run the global economy without access to Russian oil, gas, and basic minerals. Without Russia, prices for these commodities will be much higher.
• Italy announced an effort to develop energy ties to Africa. In some respects, this is nothing new as Eni (E, $31.44), Italy’s energy champion, has had ties to Africa, especially to Libya.  However, the company is now planning to expand ties to numerous other African nations in a bid to move away from Russia as an energy source.
• China and Australia have been at odds over the latter’s call for an international investigation over the origins of COVID-19. The dispute led to a decline in Chinese imports of Australian commodities. However, there does appear to be a softening of Beijing’s stance as China has lifted its ban on coal imports.
• Conoco-Phillips (COP, $120.16) is in talks to sell Venezuelan oil in the U.S. to recoup losses tied to Caracas’s decision to expropriate the company’s assets in 2007. We do note that Venezuela has halted oil exports (likely a temporary situation) as it tries to gain control over its exports.  To avoid sanctions, Caracas has used numerous intermediaries to sell oil.  One of the problems with using such resources is that they can be either unreliable or costly.  As Venezuela “comes out of the cold,” it is trying to end its use of intermediaries, which should mean more revenue for the Maduro regime.
• For a number of reasons, Iranian oil exports are rising. We suspect that the U.S. has been quietly easing up on sanctions, but the biggest reason for the rise in exports is the simple fact that the world needs the oil.
  • Iran has been a key supporter of the Assad regime. The Syrian government is dominated by Alawites, which could be considered an offshoot of Shiite Islam, making Assad a sympathetic figure.  In addition, to the degree Iran can influence Iraq, the so-called “Shiite arc” ranging from Iran to Lebanon needs to include Syria in order for the arc to be completed.  And so, Iran has not just supplied Syria with military support, it has also provided economic support as well.  However, there are always limits to friendship.  As Iran is able to sell more oil on the world market at higher prices, it has ended its practice of selling deeply discounted oil to Syria, leading to further problems for the Syrian economy.
  • In a move that will not sit well in Tehran, the Iraqi PM Mohammed al-Sudani, wants an “indefinite” U.S. troop presence, ostensibly, to counter ISIS.
  • Iran executed a British citizen accused of spying. Tehran’s decision has angered Westminster.
  • The Iranian government is issuing new rules on the hijab. The regime wants to leave the rule in place but soften the penalties.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• The IEA has issued its annual report on the state of energy technology, which skews toward green energy production. There are a number of takeaways but the one that caught our attention is China’s dominance in the production of components for these products.  If the West is going to develop these energy sources, a massive level of investment will be required.
• Sweden announced it has discovered a large deposit of rare earths. Rare earths are not really all that rare, although finding concentrated deposits can be a challenge.  The mining of such products, however, is environmentally difficult and the processing even more so.  Thus, the challenge of overcoming China in this area is, to some degree, tied to either making the process cleaner (and likely more expensive) or accepting the environmental degradation.
• China’s dominance in lithium is seen in the chart below.

(Source:  IEA)

• As this chart shows, China’s dominance in processing rare earths and lithium is a much bigger issue than the mining of ores.
• The U.S. government is supporting lithium mining in the U.S.
• The China-based solar panel firm JA Solar (002459, CNY, 64.10) announced it will build a factory in Phoenix. The factory will produce two gigawatts of panels a year, adding to the 4.5 GW capacity already in place in the U.S.  The fact that a Chinese firm is making an investment in the U.S. does indicate that Beijing is trying to keep market access to the U.S. open.  Japan did something similar in the late 1980s
• One of the well-known problems of wind and solar power is its intermittency. As evidence, Chinese officials are ordering rooftop solar panels to be shut off during the Chinese New Year celebrations.  The holiday will reduce demand and there are fears that solar panels will produce more power than needed.
• As part of the Inflation Reduction Act, the U.S. is supporting subsidies to EV firms. European car makers have been upset about this development, and the EU is complaining that U.S. officials are trying to woo European firms to expand their operations in the U.S. in order to acquire the subsidies.  Now, Germany announced that it would support EU-wide subsidies to counter the U.S. action, something the German automakers have been calling for.  In a sense, EV development is being imbedded into the industrial policies of the U.S. and EU.
• Although EVs get lots of attention in terms of reducing oil consumption in transport, efficiency gains far outpace electrics in terms of cutting demand.
• Changes in farming practices could reduce carbon in the atmosphere. Essentially, farmland could become a “carbon sink” where CO₂ would be captured by plants and held in the ground.  Although agriculture firms are trying to help farmers acquire carbon credits, farmers argue that the benefits from the credits are not enough yet to merit changing farm practices.

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by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

Crude oil prices continue to come under pressure on worries over economic growth, although there is some evidence that prices may be basing between $72 and $82 per barrel.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Crude oil inventories jumped 19.0 mb compared to a 3.0 mb draw forecast.  The SPR delined 0.8 mb, meaning the net build was 18.2 mb.  The unusually large build was caused by a large drop in exports, a rise in imports, and continued depressed refinery operations due to the deep cold snap late last year.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production rose 0.1 mbpd to 12.2 mbpd.  Exports fell 2.1 mbpd, while imports rose 0.6 mbpd.  Refining activity rose 4.3% to 84.1% of capacity.  The Christmas cold snap closed in a significant level of refining activity, and the industry is slowly recovering.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  Because we are starting the new year, we only have one datapoint for 2023.  The chart does show that the usual seasonal pattern was not followed last year.  This is because the average still reflects the restrictions on U.S. oil exports whereas there isn’t much of a discernable pattern to this data now that exports are allowed.

This chart shows the sharp drop and partial recovery in refining operations.

(Sources:  DOE, CIM)

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in 2001.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $107.08.

Market News:

• As China reopens from its COVID-19 lockdowns, it is increasing its oil import quotas. This decision is likely bullish for crude oil prices.  China is expected to buy a significant amount of Russian crude for this reopening, which should be available as the EU price cap has reduced Russian exports.
• OPEC+ production rose modestly in December.
• The DOE is forecasting lower oil prices in 2023 and 2024. For 2023, it is expecting Brent to average $83 per barrel, with $78 per barrel in 2024.  Expectations of rising output are behind the lower price forecast.
• We discussed proposed rules for U.S. refiners last year. Further analysis suggests that the costs of the new rules could lead to about a 700 kbpd loss of gasoline production as older refineries become unprofitable.  Although we could see some “grandfathering,” refining issues remain a concern.
• As we went into winter, the worry for the EU was that a cold winter would lead to a shortage of natural gas and therefore higher prices. Instead, Europe is being blessed with a historically mild winter.  Although these mild temperatures have helped Europe avoid a price crisis this winter, it could portend a hot, dry summer, which could lift natural gas prices later this year.  Last year’s dry summer caused havoc in Europe, affecting river travel and reducing nuclear power production, which was adversely affected by the water being too warm and too scarce to cool reactors.  Although summer remains a secondary demand season for natural gas, rising temperatures will lift natural gas-fired-electricity demand and may disrupt the inventory cycle, increasing the price risk when the eventual cold winter does occur.

(Source)

• The EU did agree on a price cap for natural gas. Although there are concerns that the cap might be too low to discourage conservation and boost supply, that probably won’t be an issue this winter as prices have dropped for EU natural gas.
• The mild winter and sanctions have reduced Russian gas exports to the EU. The U.K. has officially ended its imports of Russian LNG.
• Mostly mild weather has dampened U.S. natural gas prices as well. However, it is important to note that natural gas isn’t frictionless as evidenced by high natural gas prices in California.
• The epic cold snap that hit the U.S. during Christmas led to a massive shut-in of refining capacity. Although there are worries that the restart may be slow, reports suggest it is underway.
• Although oil companies have been reluctant to boost drilling, there does appear to be increased interest in the Permian Basin by the major oil companies. Smaller companies are also increasing investment.
• One of the side effects of fracking is wastewater, which is usually reinjected into the well. This practice is controversial, however, because it is thought to cause earthquakes.  Preventing such events may require the water to be shipped to a disposal site, resulting in increased costs.
• The aggressive selling from the SPR has dampened oil prices, and we estimate that in the absence of SPR sales, oil prices would have reached $135 per barrel. Although the Biden administration has indicated that it wants to buy 3.0 mb of oil to refill the reserve, the above charts suggest that this announcement is, at least so far, a signaling device.  We do note that the government intends to offer a fixed price for the oil, suggesting it is putting in a floor on the market.  As we have noted in earlier reports, it appears that the SPR is being repurposed as a buffer stock.
• Despite the easing of sanctions, Venezuelan oil exports fell last year.
• The U.S. is likely to become a net exporter of energy in 2023.
• Russia is claiming that Germany and Poland are still receiving shipments of Russian oil.
• One bright spot for oil supplies is Guyana, which appears poised to rapidly expand production this year.

 Geopolitical News:

• President Biden has admitted that the restart of the nuclear deal with Iran is “dead.” Iran continues to be a geopolitical hot spot for energy.  For example, there are reports that Iran is arming proxies not only in the Levant but also in the south Caucasus.  It is also accelerating its nuclear weapons program.  The U.S. has sanctioned a number of Iranian officials over the protest crackdowns, but given the extensive sanctions already in place, it seems unlikely that this action will have much of an impact.
  • One reason for the escalation in actions designed to be opposed by the U.S. is that there may be divisions within the ruling elite. Ayatollah Khamenei is old and sick, and it is possible that the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps may have designs on the leadership, which would end the rule of the clerics.  The hostile actions may be due to internal tensions as both sides try to be the most hardline.
  • The U.S. Navy seized a large shipment of assault rifles destined for the Houthis in Yemen.
  • Iran is suggesting that the Mossad is influencing the Iranian protests.
  • A Belgian citizen has been lashed 48 times for his alleged involvement in espionage. The Belgian foreign ministry has protested the action.
  • Iran’s leadership does appear to be softening its position on the hijab issue that sparked the recent protests.
• After several weeks of investigation, there is still no public evidence of who was responsible for attacking the Nord Stream pipelines.
• The Saudi Royal Family has tended to treat the oil riches as their own. Now, there are reports that the crown prince is using the Sovereign Wealth Fund in a similar manner.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• In a stunning reversal, Japan is ending its phase-out of nuclear power implemented after the Fukushima disaster
• The Korean firm Hanwha (000880, KRW, 27,200) has announced it is building a $2.5 billion solar manufacturing plant in Georgia.
• A new activist group has formed to press major oil companies to reduce carbon emissions.
• The EU expanded its solar power by nearly 50% last year.
• As EVs become more popular, recycling the batteries is becoming an important issue.
  • We note that China continues to dominate the auto battery market.
• Although EVs get much of the attention, hybrids will likely top the automobile space for the near future.
• Because the environmental movement is broad, segments are often at odds with each other. The goal of protecting a wildflower in Nevada may prevent a lithium mine from being built.
• We track new developments in battery technology. Sodium/sulfur probably won’t replace lithium in autos, but it may be a winner for large-scale utility storage.
• One of our geopolitical themes is the shift from efficiency to resiliency in supply chains. U.S. officials are worried about dependence on Asia for solar energy, but shifting production to the U.S. will undoubtedly lift costs.
  • To lower solar panel costs, India is considering lifting tariffs.
• One of the problems facing the alternative energy industry is one seen in conventional energy too—a lack of workers.

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