by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

(This will be the last report of 2022; we will resume publication on January 12, 2023.)

Crude oil prices continue to come under pressure on worries over economic growth.  There was likely some bullish positioning in front of the Russian price cap which is probably being liquidated.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Crude oil inventories jumped 10.2 mb compared to a 3.8 mb draw forecast.  The SPR declined 4.7 mb, meaning the net build was 5.5 mb.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production fell 0.1 mbpd to 12.1 mbpd.  Exports and imports rose 0.9 mbpd.  Refining activity fell 3.3% to 92.2% of capacity.  Pipeline issues caused the drop in refinery activity.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  This week’s data reversed the recent contra-seasonal pattern of the past few weeks, most likely due to the drop in refinery activity caused by pipeline issues.

Shortly after the war started, we stopped reporting on our basic oil model that uses commercial inventory and the EUR for independent variables.  We have now updated that model, which puts fair value at $73.60 per barrel.  We are currently trading near fair value for the first time since the war began.

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in 2001.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $104.10.

Market News:

• We are continuing to watch how the Russian price cap is working. As we noted last week, the first reaction was that shipping was disrupted around the Black Sea.  Russia’s fiscal situation could suffer as well, and although Russia’s breakeven is thought to be around $20 per barrel, fiscally it needs $70 per barrel to balance its budget.  We still don’t know if the price cap is low enough to curtail Russian output, but the disruptions have cut exports.
  • President Putin has threatened to cut oil output in the wake of the price cap.
  • We also note that the gas price cap in the EU has not come together yet.
• The Keystone pipeline has suffered a rupture in Kansas, leaking 14,000 barrels worth of oil. The leak will disrupt oil flows to at least two refining centers.  We may see a drop in production in the coming weeks if the outage persists.
• Up until now, Europe has been helped by mild weather. That string of good fortune appears to be fading, which will likely lift oil and gas demand, and therefore, prices as well.
  • France is reportedly ramping up nuclear power as temps fall.
• Amos Hochstein, the White House international energy envoy, described the U.S. shale industry as “un-American.” He wants the industry to expand production, even though the government has sent rather clear signals that the future of oil demand is in doubt, in part due to policies of the same government.  If the goal is to encourage the industry to lift output, name-calling probably won’t have the desired effect.  At the same time, to be fair to Mr. Hochstein, his “beef’ is mainly with Wall Street, who is demanding a focus on shareholder returns rather than output.  Even with that emphasis, we note that production is rising in the shale patch, although the pace isn’t exactly rapid.
• Germany is making remarkable progress in building out its LNG infrastructure.
• With South Korean ship builders at capacity, orders for new LNG tankers are being sent to China.
• Europe has tentatively passed a carbon tariff. When a nation implements environmental rules of any type, it usually increases the costs of production.  This change puts domestic producers at a disadvantage relative to foreign producers who are likely not under similar restrictions.  In some sense, it is a form of protectionism, but for social goals.  The ability of the tax to level the playing field for European industry is still uncertain.  The levy is designed to be placed on the carbon content emitted during the production of the product, which may not be all that precise.  If the levy is too low, it will still be cheaper to buy it from the “dirty” foreign producer.  If it’s high enough to prevent the import, it will increase costs.
• The IEA is warning that oil markets will likely tighten next year.
• Infrastructure matters—we note that natural gas prices in the Permian Basin have fallen to $0.05 per MMBTU due to the lack of pipeline infrastructure.

 Geopolitical News:

• President Xi made a state visit to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) last week. The two nations inked a “strategic partnership” but, in reality, if the KSA is threatened by its neighbors, we doubt its first call will be to Beijing.  Still, the visit does highlight a drift in the KSA’s relations with the U.S.
  • Fin-Twitter was ablaze with commentary concerning reports that the KSA and China were about to begin settling oil sales in CNY. The fear is that pricing oil in a currency other than USD would undermine the reserve role of the greenback and lead to all sorts of potential ramifications.  However, the change might not be as groundbreaking as it is portrayed.  First, the KSA runs a modest trade surplus with China.  If the KSA is okay with accepting CNY instead of USD, we suspect Riyadh will find investments in China that will be acceptable.  Chinese financial markets are not as deep as U.S. ones, and as the real estate situation shows, in a workout agreement, Chinese investors are given preference.  At the same time, the treatment of USD reserves held by Russia and Iran have to give any nation pause as clearly getting “offside” with the U.S. can have a potentially bad outcome.  So, diversifying away from the dollar would make sense for the KSA, whose relations with the U.S. have become rather strained.
  • The “big deal” would be if the KSA demanded CNY for all oil sales. That would drive up demand to run trade surpluses with China in order to acquire CNY.  Given China’s reluctance to run large trade deficits (and incur the negative impact on employment), we doubt this action will spread beyond the bilateral relationship.
  • China is a newcomer to the region’s geopolitics, and it is getting a feel for just how fraught the region can be. During President Xi’s visit to the UAE, he agreed to a statement supporting the Emirates’ claims that the islands of Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu Musa should be submitted to some sort of international adjudication.  These three islands were part of the UAE when it was formed following the British withdrawal in 1971.  Iran decided to take advantage of the British leaving and seized the islands.  The UAE has wanted them back ever since, but Tehran has no interest in acquiescing.  Either the Chinese diplomats are siding with the UAE in this dispute, or they more likely walked into a conflict.  Iran was quite upset with the communiqué following the China/UAE meeting and is demanding an explanation.
  • Iran and China have had a longstanding relationship as the latter has helped Iran evade Western sanctions. It is worth noting, however, that the relationship may be more transactional than anything else.  As China is acquiring more oil from Russia, its overall trade with Iran is declining.
• Iran’s economy continues to suffer, but that sluggish economy has not led the state to ease its repression. At the same time, Russia and Iran are deepening their military relationship, a situation that will complicate the security of nations aligned against Tehran.
• A hack of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps documents details some of the discussions tied to the renewal of the 2015 nuclear deal. Although the veracity of the reports isn’t confirmed, the information provided does suggest that the two sides were always far apart.
• We note that gold purchases by central banks have been rising rapidly, with most of the purchases coming from emerging market central banks. It is quite possible that these banks are worried that the U.S. could reduce the value of their foreign exchange reserves as Washington did to Russia and Iran.  It should be noted that gold has other uses for central banks.  Iran has been trading fuel to Venezuela in return for gold.  Both nations have been under sanctions and have used gold to evade those sanctions.
• The KSA warns that if Iran develops/acquires a nuclear weapon, then “all bets are off,” which suggests a nuclear arms race in the region is likely.
• The U.S. made an outreach to Africa this week as part of a broader program to secure rare earths and other minerals critical to the energy transition. It is not obvious if the African nations will find the American effort useful, however.  Ultimately, Africa needs infrastructure investment (in which China tends to excel) and market access (which the U.S. is reducing from all nations), so this may turn out to be more rhetoric than reality.  Still, the U.S. is promising funding as part of the meeting, which will likely be welcomed.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• Nuclear fusion, the same process that powers the sun, has held the promise of being the energy of the future, but sadly, more often seems to instead represent a future that never arrives. Thus, the news of a breakthrough should be viewed with hope but also a degree of skepticism.  Fusion generates power by fusing atoms together, as opposed to the conventional fission, which generates power by splitting atoms.  The promise of fusion is game breaking as it would be power that is clean,  free of byproducts, and cheap.  Thus, reports that scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory had achieved “net energy gain” made headlines.  Net energy gain means that more energy was generated relative to what was deployed to create fusion.  It is still likely years before commercial applications are possible, but if nuclear fusion is ever achieved, its impact on human life would be astounding.
• The U.S. is funding numerous mineral projects abroad in a bid to secure materials for the energy transition.
  • Lithium prices have been strong due to EV demand, but it does appear that the supply side of the market is improving.
• Meanwhile, government funded research is making progress in developing batteries that are lighter and more energy dense.
  • There are reports that China and Australia are working on sodium-sulfur batteries which would likely be deployed by utilities to smooth electricity flows.
• The UAW has organized a U.S. auto battery plant.
• Although India continues to talk about clean energy, its behavior suggests that coal will remain its most important energy source.
• As drilling rises in tropical forests, there are rising concerns that those activities will weaken the carbon-absorbing value of the forests
• HSBC Holdings (HSBC, $30.82) announced it will no longer fund oil and gas development.

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by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

Crude oil prices continue to come under pressure on worries over economic growth.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Crude oil inventories fell 5.2 mb compared to a 3.9 mb draw forecast.  The SPR declined 2.1 mb, meaning the net draw was 7.3 mb.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production rose 0.1 mbpd to 12.2 mbpd.  Exports fell 1.5 mbpd, while imports were unchanged.  Refining activity rose 0.3% to 95.5% of capacity.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  As the chart shows, we are past the seasonal trough in inventories and heading toward the secondary peak which occurs in early Q4.  SPR sales have distorted the usual seasonal pattern in this data.  This week’s draw takes inventories further below the seasonal average, though perhaps the most important takeaway is that the usual seasonal pattern in inventory is breaking down.

Shortly after the war started, we stopped reporting on our basic oil model that uses commercial inventory and the EUR for independent variables.  We have updated that model, which puts fair value at $73.60 per barrel.  We are currently trading near fair value for the first time since the war began.

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in 2001.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $106.07.

The Cap:  At long last, the EU has finally agreed on a price cap plan for Russian oil, pending Poland’s approval tomorrow.  The cap price is $60 per barrel, and since the current Urals price is around that level, it’s possible that not much will change.  The price was below what the Eastern Europeans were pushing for—Poland wanted a $30 price.  The U.S., however, was afraid that a price that low, which would effectively ban Russian oil exports, would trigger a major price rally and harm the world (and U.S.) economy.  The current price won’t really stop Russian exports if Russia wants to sell the oil.  Russia’s initial reaction is to refuse to sell oil to nations using the price cap.  We also note that, effective last Monday, the EU and U.K. will stop seaborne oil imports from Russia, which will have a more material impact on the oil markets.  The most likely market reaction is volatility.  The initial reaction to the cap and the OPEC+ decision was a sharp rise in oil prices, but that reaction faded earlier this week.

• It’s important to remember that this isn’t so much a price cap as a plan to restrict Russian oil shipments by denying this oil access to European and U.S. shipping and insurance. Without access to insurance and shipping finance, port and canal operators either won’t handle the cargo or will demand higher processing rates.
  • There are reports that Russia has been amassing tankers in order to avoid sanctions. Although these vessels may ease some of the pressure on global oil supplies, they will probably not be enough to prevent shortages.
  • The initial reaction to the cap is a bit as we expected; although it may not stop shipments, it is causing disruption. A large number of tankers are said to be awaiting passage through the Bosporus Strait as Turkish officials check paperwork.
• Once the EU signs off, the G-7 and Australia will be the next bodies to approve the measure.
• To ensure Poland’s participation, the EU will review the price cap every two months beginning in January.
• In anticipation of the cap and the EU embargo, Asian buyers have been purchasing Russian crude oil and Russia has been boosting production. Now that the deal is in place, we may actually see a slowdown in Russian purchases.
• OPEC+ met over the weekend and left production targets unchanged. There had been talk of both increases and cuts to targets, but in the end, the cartel decided to adopt a “wait and see” approach.
• Here are the key items to watch for in the coming weeks:
  • Russia really can’t afford to cut production significantly. If Russia shuts in wells, it will likely lead to a near-permanent loss of productive capacity.  If the cap had been set much lower, below $40, for example, it might have led to supply loss.  This cap probably won’t do much to change overall supply.
  • Russia is facing increasing budget pressures, and the cap won’t help those.
  • The price cap will, however, change supply patterns. Russia will need to sell more oil to non-EU and non-G-7 nations.  Although this is doable, it will be more costly and could cause short-term disruptions.
  • OPEC+ worries that the price cap could evolve into a buyer’s cartel. That may lead to more hostile actions from the oil producers.
  • Daniel Yergin warns that the price cap may mark a new era where oil is no longer a global commodity.

Market News:

• The White House is seeking to halt SPR sales in the coming years. Congress has tended to use the SPR as a sort of budget “piggy bank” to allow for funding of various projects.  Thus, various sales have already been authorized for future years.  However, with the SPR being drained by the sales completed due to the war in Ukraine, the administration now wants to halt those future sales.  So far, we are not seeing any programs put in place to refill the reserve, but this action does suggest growing concern about the sales.
• Recent data suggests that U.S. drilling activity remains lackluster. Due to regulatory and investment constraints, the U.S. oil and gas industry thus far has not reacted strongly to high oil prices.  We expect that to continue.
• The fertilizer market has been a major concern since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Both nations are major producers of fertilizers and feedstock for the product.  The UN says that it is near a deal that would allow Russia to export ammonia via a Ukrainian pipeline.  Ammonia is a key element for the economy and resuming this supply is important.  We note that fertilizer prices have been falling recently as markets adjusted to high prices, and the UN news will likely support further price declines.
• One of our firm’s positions is that the unwinding of U.S. hegemony will lead to supply disruptions and trigger hoarding. Confirming this assertion is an announcement that Japan is building a strategic reserve for natural gas.  Japan gets nearly all of its natural gas from LNG and has faced higher prices as European demand for LNG has soared due to the war.
  • India is planning to boost natural gas imports in order to meet summer power demand.
• High prices and weak economic activity have reduced EU natural gas demand.
• If China continues to ease COVID restrictions, oil prices should benefit.
• Saudi Arabia announced it has discovered two new natural gas fields.
• A 2019 study by the NBER showed that lower heating costs prevent winter deaths. The study suggested that the shale gas revolution likely saved 11k lives in the U.S.  If the study is correct, high heating prices may lead to higher mortality rates in Europe this winter.
• Ethanol blending has hit new records.
• Mild temps are bearish for natural gas prices. Meanwhile, U.S. LNG projects are being funded rapidly, although there are concerns that the industry won’t be able to find enough gas to match these projects.
• Glencore (GLNCY, $13.31) is planning to accelerate coal mine closures. The closures have little to do with profitability but are instead being done to meet emissions targets.  The IEA is forecasting that renewables will overtake coal by 2025.
• Russia and China have completed a pipeline to Shanghai.
• New England authorities are warning that if the weather is unusually cold, rolling blackouts might occur. Some of the problem is tied to the Jones Act.

 Geopolitical News:

• Although OPEC+ has remained on the sidelines for now, weak oil prices may prompt the cartel to cut targets in the near future.
• Iran announced that it has disbanded its morality police and may ease hijab regulations in light of continued protests. However, state media raised doubts about the veracity of these pronouncements, and the government has not officially given notice that the group has been disbanded.
  • The U.S. Navy has seized an Iranian fishing trawler that was shipping war materials to Yemen.
  • Iran is facing a general strike as protests continue. Twitter evidence suggests that  strike participation is high.  At least 300 Iranians have died in the protests.  The government continues its policy of executing protesters.
  • Western intelligence agencies report an increase in Iranian assassination and kidnapping plots.
  • There are reports that the clerical leadership of Iran is considering ending the presidential system and replacing it with a parliamentary system. Since the conservatives dominate the legislature, this change would expand clerical control.
• The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s (KSA) support of OPEC+ production cuts caught the White House off guard, leading the U.S. to issue threats against the kingdom. Though, so far, no appreciable consequences have developed.  In fact, the KSA is preparing for a state visit from General Secretary Xi, in a reminder that the Saudis are hedging their relations.
  • Last week, we noted that the Biden administration granted Crown Prince Salman immunity. This week, a court dismissed a suit against him over the Khashoggi murder due to that decision.
• We are monitoring the recent sabotage of power substations in North Carolina. Although domestic terrorism isn’t unusual in the U.S., most of the time, the terrorists attack government buildings or other areas of high visibility.  Attacking infrastructure would be a new development that could raise fears and trigger hoarding behavior.  So far, no group has been tied to the attack, but reports suggest that whoever did it was knowledgeable about substations.
• As the U.S. eases sanctions on Venezuela, further progress depends on reforms by the Maduro administration. We harbor serious doubts such changes are likely.  Meanwhile, U.S. refiners are lining up to purchase Venezuelan crude oil.
• Turkey and Greece have been enemies for years. Fears that Turkey will disrupt oil shipments through the Bosporus Strait are leading Greece and Bulgaria to discuss an oil pipeline.  Interestingly enough, Russia would be expected to be the primary supplier of oil to this pipeline.  Building it suggests that Greece expects the current supply restrictions to be lifted.
• Slovenia is looking to build a pipeline to handle Algerian gas.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• Last week, French President Macron visited the White House. As expected, he complained about the Inflation Reduction Act’s provisions that only grant subsidies for EV batteries made in the U.S.  As we noted last week, this act is signaling a new American industrial policy that is designed to industrialize the U.S., almost certainly at the expense of our trading partners.  The U.S. has shrewdly “encouraged” the EU to implement its own subsidies, likely relying on the fact that Germany will skew any program to benefit itself at the expense of other EU members, which will tend to weaken support for any program.  France is trying to work with Berlin to establish a united front.  In addition, a subsidy program that would actually rival that of the U.S. will likely upset Washington, which continues to defend Europe and is the primary contributor of arms to the war in Ukraine.
  • Japan is also upset by the Inflation Reduction Act but is making its protests quietly.
  • The U.S. action is designed to create a battery supply that is free from China. Europe seems to be leaning toward Chinese domination.
• The Commerce Department confirmed what is widely known: China has been re-exporting solar panels to third nations in order to evade U.S. sanctions. The U.S. believes that China is using incarcerated labor to build these panels and bars their importation to the U.S.  As a consequence, the U.S. will impose new tariffs on Chinese solar panel imports.  The issue for the U.S. is that without China’s solar panels, costs to U.S. installers will rise significantly and will likely slow adoption.
  • China has overbuilt the solar supply chain, which may pressure prices in the coming months.
• General Motors (GM, $38.85) announced that it is investing in order to expand a Tennessee EV battery plant. Rising prices are threatening EV sales and profitability.
• Environmentalism sometimes works at cross purposes. An endangered toad is blocking a proposed geothermal plant in Nevada.
• Tesla (TSLA, $181.31) has started to deliver its semi rigs.
• BP (BP, $35.00) is increasing its commitment to hydrogen.
• The EPA is considering new regulations on a refinery byproduct called alkylate. By adding it to gasoline, it improves octane and lowers volatility.  It comes from either hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid. As they sound, both are potentially harmful chemicals, and the EPA has been pressing the industry to use less difficult chemicals.  Because both are potentially hazardous, refineries usually select one or the other to generate in the refining process and use for formulating gasoline.  The industry fears that if the EPA comes down on one side or the other, it could further reduce U.S. refining capacity.
• Although EVs continue to dominate the non-internal combustion engine vehicle space, Toyota (TM, $141.76) is continuing to develop hydrogen vehicles as an alternative.
• Microsoft (MSFT, $244.73) is developing a process to use limestone to capture carbon dioxide.
• Biotech firms are injecting bacteria into spent oil wells to create hydrogen.

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by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

Crude oil prices have been falling on fears of weaker Chinese demand due to COVID issues.  We note that the futures market structure has moved into contango, where the deferred contracts trade at a premium to the spot.  This is a bearish market structure.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Crude oil inventories fell 12.6 mb compared to a 3.1 mb draw forecast.  The SPR declined 1.4 mb, meaning the net draw was 14.0 mb.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production was steady at 12.1 mbpd.  Exports rose 0.7 mbpd, while imports fell 1.0 mbpd.  Refining activity rose 1.3% to 95.2% of capacity.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  As the chart shows, we are past the seasonal trough in inventories and heading toward the secondary peak which occurs later this month.  SPR sales have distorted the usual seasonal pattern in this data.  This week’s large draw takes inventories below the seasonal average, though perhaps the most important takeaway is that the usual seasonal pattern in inventory is breaking down.

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in 2001.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $108.94.

 Refinery runs are elevated as refiners take advantage of favorable crack spreads.

(Sources:  DOE, CIM)

 Market News:

• This is a major week for global oil markets. On December 5, the EU is expected to implement its sanctions on Russian oil exports, specifically targeting the insurance and financing infrastructure of the oil trade.  Tied to these sanctions is U.S. support for a price cap.  The goal of the EU sanctions is to cut Russian oil from world markets and undermine Russia’s ability to conduct the war in Ukraine.  The goal of the price cap is to allow some level of Russian oil flows but at reduced prices.  So far, Moscow says it won’t sell oil under the price cap system.  In addition, the EU hasn’t been able to decide on a price since more hawkish nations want a low price, while others, who are less hawkish, want something closer to the market price.
  • The consensus is that the price cap won’t work because, generally speaking, a consumer can’t usually dictate what the price of a product will be. As consumers, we may decide not to buy at a given price, but we can’t go to the seller and simply set the price.  After all, if we could do that, it would literally be a “free world”!  However, if a buyer has market power, then they can influence the price that sellers can get for their product.  OPEC+ is worried that the price cap mechanism will be turned on them, and that the cap could evolve into a “buyer’s cartel.”  That is a risk, but we doubt that will occur.  In this specific case, however, Russia is deeply vulnerable to the sanctions and cap.  Why?  Russia is dependent on foreign tankers and especially foreign insurance and financing to move oil.  Russian ports can’t handle the largest crude carriers and the supply of smaller vessels is tight. Also, despite its best efforts, Russia has not been able to duplicate the existing insurance and financing system for oil sales, which reduces the number of tankers available to carry Russian oil.  That doesn’t mean there are not rogue carriers, but they are not big enough to matter much.
  • The U.S. wants the cap because it fears that the EU plan will result in a spike in oil prices. It wants to keep Russian oil flowing but reduce the revenue Russia receives.  If Russia holds to the policy that it won’t honor the price cap, it could easily find itself in a situation where it is forced to close in production, and once shut in, that production may be lost indefinitely.  If that occurs, oil prices could jump.
  • It should be noted that Russia is finding fewer takers of its oil, and the Urals benchmark price has fallen to around $52 per barrel. So, even without a cap, the expectations of one seem to be having an impact.
• Although OPEC+ was making noises about cutting production in the face of weak prices, it looks like the cartel is more likely to maintain current production targets.
• Tensions within the ruling coalition have led Norway to delay any new oil and gas leases until 2025, a blow to European energy supplies.
• As diesel prices soar, the “magic” of markets is starting to work. Consumption is easing, and refining operations are increasing, causing inventories to lift.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

• However, this good news may still not be enough for New England to escape high prices and shortages.
• Europeans have been complaining that the U.S. is profiting from the war in Ukraine[1] by pointing at the massive price differential between U.S. and EU gas prices. However, it turns out the profiteers are European.  Most LNG sold by the U.S. is based on the Henry Hub price, the benchmark for the CME futures contract.  Currently, that’s set at 115% plus $3.00 of the benchmark price.  However, the actual price in Europe is far higher; for example, a $6.00 per MMBTU price at the Henry Hub translates to a €32.59 MWH price.  European utilities are buying at that price and reselling the gas at nearly €119 MWH.
• As global demand weakens and supply chains begin to improve, freight rates are falling rapidly, but that isn’t the case with oil tanker rates. High demand and the scramble to secure transportation before EU sanctions on Russian oil are in place are sending rates to record levels.
• Japan is warning that global LNG supplies are sold out “for years,” but what they mean is that most LNG is sold on long-term contracts. That’s how the infrastructure for LNG is usually financed — a project aligns buyers on long-term contracts at a set price to pay for the build-out of the project and then sends the gas to the buyers regardless of the spot price.  Japanese buyers report that there are no long-term contracts available before 2026, meaning that the “marginal molecule” is being sold at spot rates.
  • Europe’s LNG import capacity is expected to expand by 33% by the end of 2024.
• Germany and Qatar have agreed to a 15-year supply deal for LNG.
• There is growing evidence that the Middle East has reached oil capacity limits and shale oil production has not reacted to high oil prices as it has in the past. However, one bright spot for additional barrels is coming from deep-water offshore projects such as Brazil and Guyana.
• Western Canada is seeing a jump in natural gas production and could become a significant supplier of LNG to the Asia-Pacific region.
• Despite having what appears to be ample generating capacity, China suffers from regular blackouts. The reasons are complicated but involve the lack of market pricing and  regional distrust, which then leads to excess capacity construction.

 Geopolitical News:

• As the U.S. moves to bolster global oil supplies, it is making deals with previous pariah states in order to increase output. The Biden administration is lifting some sanctions on the Maduro regime in Venezuela in a bid to boost production.  Venezuela’s production is important to the U.S. because most of it is heavy crude oil which is better suited for U.S. refineries.  However, in the short run, production will likely only rise modestly, around 0.3 mbpd.  Venezuela underinvested in the oil industry during the Chavez years, and it will take years of investment just to return to earlier production levels.
• As we noted in our last report, relations with Iran are rapidly deteriorating. Although the Biden administration had hoped to return to the JCPOA and perhaps improve relations, the election of a hardline government in Iran, recent protests, and Iran’s support of Russia in the war in Ukraine have clearly scotched any chance of normalization.
  • The U.S. is amping up secondary sanctions on Asian companies that are purchasing Iranian oil and products.
  • New sanctions are being placed on Iranian officials involved in protest suppression.
  • Another Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps member has been assassinated in Isfahan, a city in central Iran. No group has taken responsibility.
  • Iran has sentenced four people to death for spying.
  • Turkey has been working all sides in Europe and the Middle East. It has become a center for Russian capital flight and has acquired investment, reserves, and credit lines from the Gulf nations.  And now, it appears to be cooperating with Iran on sending Iranian dissidents to Tehran.
• Recently, OPEC+ roiled oil markets by suggesting it might boost production, only to later deny the reports. Coincident to these rumors are reports that the U.S. will shield Saudi Crown Prince Salman from lawsuits related to the brutal killing of Jamal Khashoggi.  It should be noted that such protections are common for heads of state with the reason being that if the U.S. subjected foreign rulers to lawsuits, other nations could do the same to American presidents.  Nevertheless, the timing did not look good.
• The EU is expanding its monitoring and protection of undersea pipelines and other infrastructure.
• In an unorthodox move, Ghana says it will buy oil products with gold. The country is facing a foreign reserve crunch, with only enough liquid reserves to cover three months of imports.  Ghana holds about $400 million of gold reserves, which have doubled over the past six years.  Although such reports often trigger all sorts of fears that the dollar is losing its reserve currency status, in reality, this decision seems to reflect something quite different.  Ghana lacks dollars and is selling off its gold in order to protect those reserves.
  • Many emerging economies are suffering from shortages caused by debt crises. The inability to buy energy is leading to blackouts.
• The U.K. has decided to buy out China’s investment in a nuclear power plant.
• As we noted recently, refracking is lifting U.S. output.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• Although the world will still be using fossil fuels well into this century, other sources of energy are steadily emerging that will displace oil and gas in various areas. One area we monitor is geothermal energy, which uses the heat from the earth’s interior to generate steam or electricity.  Quaise Energy, a privately held company, is working on deep drilling methods that, if successful, could provide nearly limitless clean energy.
• Another area we monitor is geoengineering. In general, it is a series of techniques designed to directly cool the planet.  This report is a primer on the concepts and potential pitfalls from such programs.
• The major oil-exporting nations are fighting climate change policies to slow the loss of demand for oil and gas.
• The Inflation Reduction Act has restrictions on subsidies for purchasing EVs, specifically, requiring 100% U.S. content on batteries. The EU is furious with this provision.  Europe is facing deindustrialization, as high energy costs are making manufacturing untenable, and the U.S.’s action is accelerating that process.  U.S. automakers are trying to soften the requirements due to the lack of U.S. battery production capacity, and foreign nations are trying to create loopholes,[2] but it should be noted that (a) this bill can’t really be amended easily, and (b) the goal of the policy is the reindustrialization of America, something that both populist and progressives support.
• Lithium processing is heavily dependent on China, but Australia is rapidly expanding its refining capacity.
• This report offers an update on the global EV market.
• The EV market in the U.S. is facing a serious lack of charging stations.
• Nissan (NSANY, $7.07) was once dominant in the EV market as its Leaf model was one of the early EVs, although it later tended to “stand still” while others have passed it. The company now intends to release an SUV EV next year and is also working on a solid-state battery, which would have a longer range and faster recharging times.
• The U.S. is facing a shortage of solar panels. China is a major producer of the panels, and fears that incarcerated labor may be fabricating the product have led to shipments either being held in port or diverted to Europe.

[1] Among other general complaints.

[2] In fact, French President Macron is visiting the U.S. this week and subsidies are expected to be discussed.

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by Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA | PDF

(The Weekly Energy Update will not be published next week due to Thanksgiving.  The report will return on December 1.)

 Crude oil prices appear to be building in a base in the mid-$80s.

(Source: Barchart.com)

Crude oil inventories fell 5.4 mb compared to a 1.9 mb draw forecast.  The SPR declined 4.1 mb, meaning the net draw was 9.5 mb.

In the details, U.S. crude oil production rose 0.2 mbpd to 12.1 mbpd.  Exports declined 0.41 mbpd, while imports rose 0.3 mbpd.  Refining activity rose 1.5% to 92.1% of capacity.

(Sources: DOE, CIM)

The above chart shows the seasonal pattern for crude oil inventories.  As the chart shows, we are past the seasonal trough in inventories and heading toward the secondary peak which occurs later this month.  SPR sales have distorted the usual seasonal pattern in this data.  This week’s large draw is takes inventories back to the seasonal average.

Since the SPR is being used, to some extent, as a buffer stock, we have constructed oil inventory charts incorporating both the SPR and commercial inventories.

Total stockpiles peaked in 2017 and are now at levels last seen in 2002.  Using total stocks since 2015, fair value is $106.63.

Market News:

• China is reportedly easing some of its Zero-COVID restrictions. If the restrictions are lessened, Chinese energy demand will likely rise, which will tighten global energy markets.  China’s oil demand has been soft, but we may see it ramp up in the coming weeks if the restrictions continue to be modified.
• OPEC+ cut its demand forecast modestly, which supports its decision to reduce output targets. The cartel warns that the markets might face significant supply volatility due to uncertainty surrounding Russian oil sanctions.
• Pakistan has announced natural gas rationing measures, in part because Europe is getting LNG that would normally go to other nations. However, credit concerns may have also played a role in its lack of supply.
• One of the problems the world will face is that the isolation of Russia will likely lead to a permanent decline in oil and gas production. It will be hard to offset these losses.  Comments from Treasury Secretary Yellen, which suggest that sanctions would likely remain in place on Russia even after the war in Ukraine, increase the likelihood that we will see a permanent loss of Russian capacity.
• As we noted last week, tight diesel fuel stocks could lead to high refinery utilization and higher crude oil demand.  The positive side is that it will also likely lead to relatively lower gasoline prices.  From each barrel of crude oil, about 43% is refined into gasoline and 30% into distillates.  Thus, the drive to meet diesel demand will likely mean additional gasoline (and other products too).  This situation is causing record diesel fuel/gasoline
  • The IEA is warning that tight diesel stocks could exacerbate the European energy crisis.
  • New England’s heating oil prices are rising because of tight supplies. Due to shipping regulations (Jones Act) this region tends to import distillates because of their lower cost.  This year, however, Europe is buying the distillate that the region usually gets, leading to very tight supplies.
• The implementations of price caps and insurance restrictions on Russian oil are scheduled for December 5, but to date, no details on how these plans will work have been forthcoming. There are growing concerns that without clarity, shipments might be curtailed.  For example, a tanker insured at a certain price might unknowingly violate the price cap if one isn’t in place.  This outcome could lead to “ghost ships” floating on the high seas with uncertain insurance coverage.
  • The U.S. is trying to sell China on the price cap. Although this seems a bit farfetched, we would not be shocked to see Beijing use participation as a way to force Russia to discount prices on its exports to China.  In other words, China probably won’t officially participate, but it could take advantage of the plan.  We note that China’s purchases of Russian crude oil appear to be declining, which may be due to the lack of storage or weak demand, or the drop could be tied to worries about sanctions. There are reports that Chinese refiners are asking Beijing to protect payment flows and insurance once the caps are in place.  India’s refiners are showing caution in buying Russia oil as well.  The U.S. isn’t opposed to China or India buying Russian oil, it just wants the purchases to follow the price cap.
  • It should be noted that, so far, Russia oil exports have continued despite sanctions.
  • In related Russian news, Germany has nationalized Gazprom’s (GAZP.ME, RUB, 198.00) operation in the country.
• Meanwhile, the EU is still working on a price cap for natural gas. The worry there is that if the cap is set too low, LNG might find its way to other markets. The IEA is warning that the EU needs to begin planning to secure supply now for next year.  So far, European temperatures have been unusually mild, easing the current strain.  Winter forecasts for Europe are calling for a mild winter, which may prevent a major price spike.  LNG prices have started to decline due to oversupply.
  • Although the mild winter has helped, the debt burden from high energy prices is still very large.
• As we have noted in the past, the supply response to high oil and gas prices has been modest, but it hasn’t been non-existent. For example, Mozambique is sending LNG to Europe for the first time.  There are reports of a new oil discovery in Angola, and production is starting in the massive oil fields in offshore Guyana.  All the caveats about investment and the “end of oil” still apply, but there is also evidence that there is still some investment occurring.  Even in the U.S., the Eagle Ford region is showing a rise in activity.
• Water levels on the Mississippi have disrupted barge traffic, affecting the shipping of bulk goods, including grains, coal, and iron.

• About 30% of condensates and other natural gas liquids are shipped by barge, meaning this market is being disrupted as well.  These liquids are used to make petrochemicals and are often part of the refining process.  They are often used as a diluent for heavy crude oils.
• The administration has extended methane regulations to gas-gathering pipelines. Extending regulations tends to raise costs.
• Maintenance issues are taking French nuclear power plants offline and boosting natural gas and diesel demand.

 Geopolitical News:

• Iran is becoming increasingly aggressive: it is attacking Iraq, its actions against protesters are exceedingly harsh, it has threatened to attack the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), it has been caught sending arms to Yemen, and it has teamed up with Russia to support Moscow’s war effort against Ukraine. It has also attacked Israeli oil shipments in the Persian Gulf region with a drone attack this week.  Yet despite all of this, the U.S. hasn’t taken steps against the regime in Iran. Although there are extensive sanctions on Iran already, more could be done.
  • Iran claims it has built a hypersonic missile. If true, such missiles have no known defenses, which would be a worry for nations in the region.  We note, however, that there is no record that Iran has tested such a vehicle.  Hypersonic missiles are hard to produce and until there is a verified test, we can only assume they have, at best, an untested prototype.
  • Ukrainian analysts have been investigating the Iranian drones used in Russian attacks on Ukraine. They are discovering that, despite sanctions, the drones are mostly constructed with Western parts.
  • MI5 is accusing Iran of attempts to kidnap or kill at least 10 people in the U.K.
  • Iran and Russia are improving ties. As we noted last week, Iran has been selling drones to Russia.  Iran has been under sanctions longer than Russia and is reportedly showing Moscow how to evade trade restrictions.  One of the key metrics to sanctions is the price spread between sanctioned and unsanctioned products.  Although sanctions are not perfect, they usually raise the cost of selling the product, leading to price discounts.  Reports from Asia suggest that the spread on Russian LNG is near market prices, suggesting buyers are willing to risk Western sanctions.
    • Russia and Iran are in talks regarding arms sales; Russia may sell warplanes to Iran.
    • India, which has always had close ties to Russia (it was a buyer of Soviet defense products), has increased economic ties by purchasing Russian oil.
  • Our position has been that the JCPOA is dead. The Biden administration appears to have moved on.  The IAEA reports that Iran has been accumulating highly enriched uranium in contradiction to the program.
    • Iran has issued a death sentence to a protester and is planning on prosecuting 15k protesters currently under arrest, many of whom are minors.
    • Iran continues to attack Kurdish areas of Iraq, arguing that the region is supporting terrorism in Iran. Recent attacks have killed two Kurds.
  • The bottom line is that Iran is behaving in an increasingly reckless manner. The lack of caution may reflect internal tensions as evidenced by the ongoing protests or may suggest that the mullahs have decided that if they side with China and Russia, they will have more ability to project power.  The U.S. would normally clamp down on Tehran under these circumstances but fears of rising oil prices appear to be hampering America’s response.  The administration may be forced, at some point, to simply allow oil prices to rise in order to control Iran’s behavior.
  • Although U.S./Saudi relations have clearly cooled, the recent threat from Iran does show that, despite tensions, Riyadh needs U.S protection. Washington is using this fact to extract concessions.  For example, the Saudis voted for a U.N. resolution not to recognize the recent Russian annexation of Ukraine’s territory.  Riyadh also participated in talks to engineer a prisoner swap between Ukraine and Russia.  So far, this hasn’t led to more oil production, but we will continue to watch closely for evidence of a change.
    • Although the KSA has officially cut diplomatic relations with Iran, the two nations have been holding backchannel talks in Iraq. One issue is that both nations want a stable Iraq because instability there could adversely affect both countries.
    • Last week, we noted that President Xi was making a state visit to the KSA. Trade ties and regional security are the topics for discussion.
  • One of the fallouts of the war in Ukraine is the loss of cheap oil and natural gas to Germany. This feedstock was a key component to Germany’s vaunted industrial base, but as costs rise, it will likely force German firms to relocate to areas with cheaper energy sources.

 Alternative Energy/Policy News:

• For the most part, we view COP-27 as environmental theater since without an enforcement mechanism, environmental promises are just that. However, we do note that there has been some movement to reduce coal usage in power production.
  • The U.S., Japan, and the EU have agreed to offer $20 billion to Indonesia to move away from coal.
  • Thwarting this effort is China, who still holds that due to reliability issues, it must burn more coal to ensure energy security.
• California voters did not support a measure to fund EV charging stations by raising taxes on high-income citizens. Without this funding, it isn’t clear how the state will prepare to shift from gasoline to electric vehicles.
• Meanwhile, China’s share of the global EV market continues to grow.
  • BMW (BMWYY, $29.46) is building a $1.4 billion operation to expand battery production in China.
• As biofuel research expands, there is a growing concern that without regulatory guidance, the potential for the fuel source will be hampered by inconsistent standards.
• Separating hydrogen from water creates a clean (“green”) product. Unfortunately, it is also energy intensive and expensive.  Four U.S. nuclear power reactors are part of a study to see if nuclear power can be used to generate green hydrogen.  Meanwhile, a raft of startups are trying to develop other ways to bring down the cost of green hydrogen.
• The U.S. has blocked 1,000 shipments of solar energy components from China on grounds that the products were made by slave labor. There have been rising tensions between the solar installation industry and the non-Chinese solar component industry.  The former wants the cheapest product it can find, while the latter wants to compete with China, the world’s low-cost producer.  As U.S./Chinese relations deteriorate, the non-Chinese production industry is seeing an opportunity.
• Leaded fuel was used to counter engine knock, though, unfortunately, lead is highly toxic so it was phased out of gasoline in the U.S. over three decades ago. However, small aircraft were excluded from the move to unleaded fuels but are finally making the switch.
• One of the problems of solar and wind energy is that it’s unreliable, so as it expands, utilities must still keep conventional capacity available for periods when the power generated from wind or solar is lacking. The expansion of wind and solar in the western U.S. is leading to reliability issues.
• We are still in the early stages of battery technology. The current industry standard for EVs, the lithium-ion battery, has some flaws as it’s prone to fires, it’s expensive to produce, and it doesn’t have a long life.  But, in its favor, it does recharge quickly and is lightweight.  The next new thing may be the sodium-ion battery.  It’s a bit heavier than the lithium-ion battery, and not as energy dense. New technology, though, is showing rapid improvement.  If it flies, it would dramatically reduce the cost of EVs and have much faster recharging capabilities.  Better and cheaper batteries are likely the key to widespread EV adoption.
  • Asian battery producers have been reluctant to invest in Australian mining that would provide raw materials for batteries, putting the makers at risk of supply shortages.
  • EV makers are looking to vertically integrate their operations with miners of key battery materials and with battery manufactures to create secure supply chains.
  • China uses lithium-iron-phosphate batteries which are cheaper but have less range than batteries that use nickel.

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