by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM EDT] | PDF

Our Comment today opens with U.S. news, with a focus on last night’s historic vote in Congress to remove House Speaker McCarthy.  We next review a wide range of other international developments with the potential to affect the financial markets today, including a bond market intervention by the Bank of Japan and big, new military spending plans by Russia.

U.S. Politics:  In a historic vote last night, the House of Representatives voted to end Republican Kevin McCarthy’s tenure as Speaker, leaving the chamber in chaos.  As is tradition, all 208 voting Democrats cast their ballot to remove McCarthy, but they were also joined by eight far-right Republican rebels who have criticized McCarthy for being insufficiently committed to sharp cuts in federal spending and other conservative causes.  The votes against McCarthy totaled 216, just enough to beat the 210 Republicans who voted to keep him in his position.

• McCarthy quickly announced that he will not try to reclaim his post, and House Republicans said they would leave Washington and return next week to vote on a new Speaker. That leaves the chamber without a leader for the time being.
• McCarthy had earlier named North Carolina Rep. Patrick McHenry as the pro tempore Speaker, but McHenry will not have the full powers of the office.
• The result will likely be another messy Republican battle for the Speakership. Currently, the front-runners are probably McHenry, along with the Republicans’ #2 and #3 leaders in the chamber: Rep. Steve Scalise of Louisiana and Rep. Tom Emmer of Minnesota.  It isn’t clear whom the hard-right Republican rebels would support.
• Press reports indicate the Democrats’ decision not to save McCarthy stemmed largely from anger over his efforts to placate the hard-right members of his caucus. Going forward, key questions include whether the Republicans’ chaos will discredit their party and boost the Democrats politically.
• For the economy and financial markets, a central question is how the leadership vacuum will affect the negotiations over the federal budget for Fiscal Year 2024. The weekend’s stopgap spending bill has authorized federal outlays at FY 2023 levels only until the middle of November.  If the Republicans and Democrats can’t agree on appropriations after that, there would be renewed risk of a partial government shutdown.

U.S. Bond Market:  Investors continue to sell off fixed-income assets, pushing prices lower and boosting the yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note to a fresh 16-year high of 4.831%.  The two-year Treasury note has risen more tepidly to about 5.159%, narrowing the 10-2 yield inversion at just 32 basis points.  As we had long warned, investors are finally repricing bonds downward after realizing the obligations had been priced too richly in the face of persistent inflation pressures and the Fed’s intention to hold interest rates higher for longer.

• Separately, CBOE Global Markets (CBOE, $157.24) and S&P Dow Jones (SPGI, $356.42) said they will launch four new indexes aimed at tracking the volatility of U.S. and European corporate bonds. The indexes will launch next week.
• The companies hope the new indexes will match the success of the original VIX for stocks. Over time, options or other financial products tied to the new bond VIX indexes are likely to become available.

U.S. Housing Market:  With bond yields rising, investors probably expect the interest rate on residential mortgages to be rising in tandem.  In reality, mortgage rates have been rising even faster than the yield on the 10-year Treasury note, which is their typical benchmark.  The reason is that even as Treasury yields have been rising, the Federal Reserve and commercial banks have been actively unloading their holdings of the mortgage-backed securities, driving up MBS yields.  Since MBS issuance funds so much of the nation’s mortgages, the result is that residential mortgage rates could well be on their way to 8% or more.

Global Airline Industry:  Reports say airlines around the world are dealing with a potentially costly scandal in which they inadvertently bought engine replacement parts with falsified safety certificates from what appears to be a phantom company in the U.K.  The airlines are now scrambling to identify and replace any uncertified parts that have been installed on their aircraft.  The questionable parts have been found on approximately 100 planes so far, forcing the airlines to take them out of service, pull their engines, and replace the parts.

Japanese Bond Market:  As Japanese bond yields rise along with the upward trend in U.S. yields, today the Bank of Japan offered to buy an extraordinary 1.9 trillion JPY ($12.7 billion) of Japanese government bonds with maturities ranging up to 10 years.  The unexpectedly large purchases appeared to be tied to the BOJ’s controversial yield curve control policy, in which it is keeping short-term interest rates negative while capping the yield on the 10-year JGB at 1%.

• Despite the intervention, however, the yield on the 10-year JGB rose to 0.783%, as investors increasingly bet that the central bank will soon have to abandon its YCC policy.
• Meanwhile, the yen today strengthened by 1.8% to 147.3 JPY per dollar ($0.0068), compared with yesterday’s value of 150 JPY per dollar ($0.0067).

Japanese Industrial Policy:  As Tokyo continues working to secure a domestic supply of advanced semiconductors in the face of China’s growing geopolitical threat, the Industry Ministry yesterday announced it will provide up to 192 billion JPY ($1.3 billion) in additional subsidies for U.S. semiconductor manufacturer Micron Technology (MU, $67.83) for its new memory-chip factory in Hiroshima Prefecture.  That comes on top of the 46.5 billion JPY ($310 million) in aid to Micron that the government announced previously.  Tokyo also continues to provide enormous subsidies to build up a domestic supply of advanced logic chips.

European Union:  The Financial Times carries an interesting report today saying that some home buyers who used to flock to places like Portugal, Spain, or the South of France for the warm, sunny weather are now eying properties in northern regions seen as less susceptible to global warming.  After a summer of unusually hot weather and wildfires in southern Europe, northern regions like Brittany in France offer not only cooler weather but also much cheaper prices—for now.  The article is a reminder that even if you’re skeptical about climate change, the markets you participate in could be affected by others who are trying to respond to it.

United Kingdom:  In a speech at the Conservative Party’s annual conference, Prime Minister Sunak offered several red-meat policy changes for the right wing, including cancellation of an expensive rail line extension to the northern city of Manchester, tighter standards for secondary education, and tougher restrictions on youth smoking.  The proposals come just weeks after Sunak got a bump in the opinion polls from easing Britain’s climate-stabilization policies.  Nevertheless, Sunak and the Conservatives continue to trail the support for Keir Starmer and his Labor Party.

Russia:  The government’s draft budget for 2024 indicates the military will get 29.4% of all spending, equal to about $109 billion.  That’s more than double the 14.4% of the budget that the military got in 2021, before the Kremlin launched its invasion of Ukraine.  In RUB terms, the proposed military spending in 2024 would be about three times greater than in 2021.

• Since Russia has a long history of hiding some military spending in ostensibly civilian budget accounts and off-budget, it is likely that the country’s true military spending is even greater than indicated.
• As such, Russia’s defense burden is now clearly a strain on Russian state finances. To fund the enormous new military outlays associated with the war in Ukraine, Russian officials have said they will freeze spending on healthcare and education, while cutting spending on infrastructure and other economic development projects.  They have also indicated they will have to increase borrowing.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM EDT] | PDF

Our Comment today opens with a discussion of the battle brewing over Chinese influence at the International Monetary Fund.  We next review a wide range of other international and U.S. developments with the potential to affect the financial markets today, including a further worsening of Indian-Canadian relations and dramatic moves in cryptocurrency prices yesterday related to new exchange-traded funds for the assets.

International Monetary Fund-China:  IMF President Kristalina Georgieva has backed institutional reforms that would eventually give China greater voting power, according to an interview in the Financial Times.  In the interview, Georgieva argued that the IMF needs more funding to help struggling countries around the world, and that China should have more voting power based on the fact that it now accounts for almost one-fifth of the world’s economy but only 6% of the fund’s capital.

• Nevertheless, U.S. officials have signaled that they want to increase Western control over the IMF, so they would veto an increase in China’s capital.
• Capital adjustments at the IMF require the approval of countries that hold at least 85% of the institution’s capital. The U.S. holds 17% of the capital, the largest shareholder, so it could unilaterally veto any effort to increase China’s position in the fund.

China-Peru-United States:  Despite the U.S.’s ability to block increased Chinese diplomatic influence at the IMF, it is still struggling to counter China’s growing economic influence in less developed countries.  According to new reports, the U.S. has privately warned Peru that Chinese interests are gaining too much control over that country’s key infrastructure, including the electric utility serving the capital city of Lima and a new deep-water port on the country’s Pacific coast.  Control of those assets by Chinese state-owned or state-influenced companies could give Beijing leverage over Peru as it seeks to gain better access to key resources and undermine the U.S.’s geopolitical and economic positions.

India-Canada:  New Delhi has ordered Canada to withdraw about 40 of its diplomats based in India, ostensibly to equalize the number of diplomats each country has in the other.  However, the move is widely seen as further retaliation for Ottawa’s accusation that Indian agents killed a Sikh separatist and Canadian citizen in British Columbia last June.  The Indian government has also imposed a ban on new visas for Canadians wishing to visit India.

• The worsening bilateral tensions have weakened Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau’s domestic political position, especially as some have accused him of pandering to Canada’s sizable Sikh community.
• The tensions could also complicate the West’s efforts to enlist Indian support to counter China’s growing geopolitical power and aggressiveness.
  • Despite that concern, authorities in New Delhi this morning raided the homes of journalists, contributors, and staff of the website NewsClick, alleging that the news outlet is a Chinese propaganda organ.
  • The move follows several other measures that New Delhi has taken against Chinese influence in India as relations worsened in recent years.

European Union:  Average home prices rose by a seasonally adjusted 0.3% in the second quarter, partially reversing the declines in each of the previous two periods.  Nevertheless, second-quarter home prices in the broader EU were down 1.1% from the same period one year earlier, and prices in the eurozone were down 1.7%.  That marks the first annual home-price declines in Europe since 2014.

• The fall in home values largely reflects the European Central Bank’s long campaign of interest-rate hikes to combat high consumer price inflation, but it also shows economic headwinds for particular regions and sectors, such as German manufacturing.
• German home prices had the worst annual declines, down 9.9%, while prices in Denmark were down 7.6%, and prices in Sweden were down 6.8%.
• In contrast, prices were up 13.7% in Croatia and 10.7% in Bulgaria.

Argentina:  In an effort to derail the presidential ambitions of radical libertarian Javier Milei, who is currently first in the opinion polls ahead of the October 22 election, Economy Minister Sergio Massa has pledged to form a unity government if he wins the balloting.  However, vowing to form a government that would include Milei’s libertarians and Patricia Bullrich’s traditional center-right parties may alienate Massa’s own left-wing populist Peronists.  As of now, Milei remains in the electoral driver’s seat, raising the chance that he will come to power and try to implement his agenda of steep government spending cuts, deregulation, and dollarization of the economy.

U.S. Politics:  Last night, Florida Republican Rep. Matt Goetz announced a motion to oust House Speaker McCarthy over his weekend deal with the Democrats for a short-term funding bill for the government.  The motion launches a process that will require a vote by Wednesday evening.  With the Republicans having only 221 seats, while the Democrats have 212, it would appear at first glance that only a few Republican rebels could leave McCarthy at peril, especially if all the Democrats voted against him, as they traditionally would.  In this case, however, the prospect of a hard-right Speaker could encourage the cooperation of at least some Democrats to save McCarthy’s skin, especially if they could wring concessions out of McCarthy to do so.

U.S. Cryptocurrency Markets:  Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and other cryptocurrency prices jumped yesterday as Grayscale Investments filed paperwork to convert its $5-billion Bitcoin futures ETF to a fund that could invest in the spot cryptocurrency.  Also yesterday, the first seven exchange-traded funds for Ethereum futures were launched.  However, prices for the various cryptocurrencies gave up most or all of their gains by the end of the day as the new Ethereum futures ETF garnered little investor interest.  Market data suggest turnover for the new ETFs totaled only about $7 million.

• Tepid demand for the Ethereum futures ETFs may show that individual investors are less interested in cryptocurrencies than previously thought. However, some observers suggest that investors simply prefer funds that invest in spot cryptocurrencies.  Of course, today’s high interest rates on money market funds have probably also sapped demand for cryptocurrencies.
• The Securities and Exchange Commission has signaled it may approve spot Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs in the coming months.

U.S. Commercial Real Estate Market:  New data suggests companies have had some success forcing their employees back into the office after the pandemic era’s work-from-home policies, but that has only been enough to push office occupancy up to about 50.4% of 2019 levels.  Moreover, occupancy is now highly skewed to Tuesday through Thursday, with offices only about 30% occupied on Mondays and Fridays.  Separate data shows the overall office vacancy rate in the third quarter rose to 19.2%, just short of the record rate of 19.2% in 1991.

U.S. Auto Strike:  As the United Auto Workers’ strike against the top U.S. automakers continues, new research shows how the economic cost is broadening out to suppliers, dealers, and to the workers themselves.  According to the Anderson Economic Group, suppliers to the manufacturers under strike lost $1.3 billion in the first two weeks of the strike, while the manufacturers themselves lost $1.1 billion and auto workers have lost $325 million.  In related news, Ford (F, $12.31) and General Motors (GM, $32.47) said they have laid off an additional 500 workers at plants not under strike but that were affected by the work stoppages, bringing the total of workers laid off as a consequence of the strike to about 6,000.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM EDT] | PDF

Our Comment today opens with a recap of the U.S. Congress’s last-minute deal on Saturday to avert a partial government shutdown.  We next review a wide range of other international and U.S. developments with the potential to affect the financial markets today, including news on the Chinese economy, prospects for tighter monetary policy in Japan, and falling steel prices in the U.S. as the United Auto Workers continue their strike against the country’s top auto manufacturers.

U.S. Fiscal Policy:  With just minutes to spare before the federal government would have run out of funding on Saturday night, the House and Senate approved a stopgap bill that will provide for spending at current levels to mid-November, giving Democrats and Republicans more time to negotiate over full-year appropriations.  The breakthrough came as Republican House Speaker McCarthy shifted gears and put forward a stopgap bill that Democrats could accept, and that the Senate was unwilling to reject.

• The stopgap spending bill has prevented a partial shutdown of the federal government, but perhaps only temporarily. If lawmakers can’t agree by mid-November on a budget for the fiscal year that started Sunday, a disruptive shutdown is still possible.
• Meanwhile, hard-right Republicans in the House have vowed to launch a vote to oust McCarthy for failing to implement their cherished spending cuts and other conservative goals. It is not yet clear whether they will be successful in that effort.

China-Taiwan:  People who monitor aircraft tracking sites say a Chinese military plane recently performed an unusual maneuver in which it closely followed and then dove beneath a civilian airliner as it flew close to Taiwanese waters.  By flying directly beneath the civilian aircraft, the military plane temporarily dropped off ground-based tracking radar, suggesting the Chinese were practicing the maneuver as a way to keep their military aircraft from being tracked by Taiwanese radar in the event of a conflict.

China:  In a win for President Xi’s program to clean up the country’s semiconductor industry, the former head of the state-backed computer chip giant Tsinghua Unigroup (600100.SS, CNY, 7.27) has plead guilty to corruption charges.  The executive, Zhao Weiguo, apparently misappropriated state-owned assets valued at more than $60 million through shady real estate deals and similar crimes.  Besides showing how Xi has made the semiconductor industry a new target of his anticorruption program, the case also illustrates how corruption has been one factor keeping the industry from catching up to its rivals in the West.

• Separately, the official purchasing managers’ index for manufacturing rose to a seasonally adjusted 50.2 in September, compared with 49.7 in August. The official PMI for the nonmanufacturing industries rose to 51.7 from 51.0.  Both gauges are now above the 50.0 level that signals expanding activity.  The PMI figures suggest the Chinese economy may have gotten through its recent rough patch and is growing again.
• All the same, that doesn’t necessarily mean the economy is growing rapidly. Growth is still sluggish because of problems such as weak consumer demand, high debt levels, poor demographics, and “de-risking” moves by foreign companies.
  • Indeed, the World Bank today released new forecasts showing it expects Chinese gross domestic product to increase just 4.4% in 2024, after stripping out price changes. That’s down from the institution’s forecast of 4.8% in April.
  • With weaker growth in China, the World Bank said it cut its growth forecast for the broader East Asia and Pacific regions to 4.5% in 2024, versus expected growth of 5.0% in 2023. Such poor growth rates would be among the region’s worst in the last five decades.

Japan:  In the minutes of the Bank of Japan’s policy meeting last month, several officials said they were seeing progress on bringing consumer price inflation up to target in a sustainable way and indicated they should start planning to end their ultra-easy monetary policy.  The minutes have intensified speculation that the BOJ will soon tighten monetary policy by eliminating its negative short-term interest rate and loosening up its control over longer-term bond yields.

United Kingdom:  The Conservative Party has opened its annual conference, with some participating officials warning that Prime Minister Sunak will have to do more to retain power at the next elections and others clearly jostling for position to potentially unseat him in the future.  For example, some officials are clamoring for tax cuts.  On the eve of the meetings, Home Secretary Suella Braverman and Business Secretary Kemi Badenoch both floated the idea that the U.K. pulling out of the United Nations Convention on Human Rights was so the country could have a freer hand in blocking and deporting refugees.

Slovakia:  In parliamentary elections over the weekend, former Prime Minister Robert Fico and his Russia-friendly, populist Smer Party won about 23% of the vote, comfortably ahead of the Ukraine-friendly, liberal Progressive Slovakia Party and its 18%.  However, an even more Russia-friendly, far-right party that likely would have allied with Smer failed to win any seats in parliament, so Fico could have an uphill battle to form a governing coalition.

Serbia-Kosovo:  U.S. officials have warned that Serbia is massing tanks, artillery, and other military equipment on the border with the breakaway province of Kosovo, in a move that points to a possible new Balkan war.  Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić has denied that he intends to send Serbian troops into Kosovo but given the worsening of tensions between Serbia and Kosovo over the last few years, we cannot discount the possibility of a destabilizing new war in the Balkans.

U.S. Bond Market:  The Wall Street Journal today carries a useful article with multiple charts explaining the recent surge in bond yields.  As we had been warning, bond yields prior to late summer had seemed much lower than they should have been.  Now that investors have focused on factors like the economy’s relatively good economic growth (for now), its persistent price pressures, and the Fed’s intention to keep interest rates higher for longer, it should be no surprise that bond yields have surged.  As of this morning, the yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note has risen to 4.637%, its highest level since 2007, while the 2-year note has risen to 5.117%.

U.S. Steel Market:  New reporting shows the United Auto Workers’ strike against the country’s top three automakers has slammed the demand for steel, contributing to a 40% drop in its price over the last several months.  Of course, steel demand is also likely waning as overall economic growth slows and the economy looks set to fall into recession in the coming months.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM EDT] | PDF

Good morning! Today’s Comment will begin with a discussion of the potential for a soft landing, Europe’s budget problems, and an update on government shutdown talks. As usual, our report also provides an overview of the latest domestic and international data releases.

New Economic Fears: As investors embrace the possibility of a soft landing, there are growing signs that economic expansion is losing steam.

• The pandemic did not distort the economy as much as many had feared, according to a benchmark revision. Average U.S. economic activity growth between 2017 and 2022 was revised upwards from 2.1% to 2.2%. This slight upward revision suggests that the reporting during that period was relatively accurate. However, the underlying details show that there were still some noticeable changes. Household savings levels were revised downwards by about $1.1 trillion, although much of this update happened in the years prior to the pandemic. Meanwhile, the personal consumption price index showed that inflation rose 4.1% in 2022, above the previously reported 3.7%.
• Despite the slight change in GDP figures which reaffirmed economists’ beliefs that the economy has been more resilient since leaving the pandemic, the future remains less clear. Consumption has remained stable throughout 2023 but has decelerated in four of the five previous quarters. This shift in purchases reflects households switching from expensive durable goods to cheaper services. As a result, over 56% of the economists surveyed believe that consumption will decline in the first quarter of 2024, while 21% believe that the contractions could start as soon as the final quarter of 2023. Since it accounts for a little over a third of GDP, a significant drop in consumer spending may push the economy into a downturn.

(Source: DailyMail)

• Persistent strikes, rising oil prices, and delays in the impact of interest rates raise the risk of a hard landing. These headwinds are likely to exacerbate an already vulnerable economy. However, barring an outlier event, such as a war or a government default on its debt, the next recession may not be as bad as the previous two. The pandemic drop in the labor force suggests that workers who are laid off will have an easier time finding work than in typical downturns, and business investment will likely receive a boost from manufacturing. As a result, we are optimistic that equities are unlikely to be severely affected by a slowdown in economic activity.

What Deficit? The euro bloc may face challenges in getting its members to comply with budget limits by its desired deadline.

• The eurozone is expected to reinstate its 3% deficit target in early 2024, but two major economies, Italy and France, are not ready. Italy’s deficit is projected to be 4.4% of GDP, and France’s is projected to be around 4.3%. These shortfalls come as the eurozone prepares to return to rules that were put on hold due to the pandemic. French President Emmanuel Macron has struggled to pass a budget due to his party lacking a majority. Meanwhile, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni’s right-wing party still plans to follow through on its tax cut promises. It is not clear how strictly the bloc will enforce the rules, but it is likely to lead to significant friction between members.
• Concerns over rising deficits in the eurozone have led to a jump in European bond yields. The spread between the Italian and German 10-year government bonds, a gauge of financial stress, has climbed to a six-month high. The sharp increase in interest rates is due to concerns that the European Central Bank (ECB) will have to keep rates higher for longer to fight inflation, as well as the potential for an oil price shock. The rise in borrowing will likely exacerbate concerns that the region is headed for recession over the next coming months.

• Though a downturn is widely anticipated, governments have limited options to soften the blow. Policymakers at the ECB are hesitant to pivot from their hawkish stance, as inflation shows signs of returning. Government budget constraints will likely prevent another round of fiscal stimulus. The outlook for Europe over the next three months is bleak, and any improvement will depend on member states’ willingness to compromise on deficits or a complete reversal in monetary policy. Such uncertainty will likely weigh on the euro as investors try to gauge what is next for the bloc.

Shutdown Politics: The U.S. government is on the verge of paralysis as lawmakers continue to play political brinkmanship with the nation’s finances.

• Congress has until Saturday to pass a bill to keep the government open. The House of Representatives has passed three appropriations bills that largely maintain defense-related expenditures. However, the House still has eight remaining appropriations bills to pass to keep the government fully funded. The political standoff in Congress, which is split in both houses, is making it difficult to reach an agreement. Grandstanding from members of the GOP Freedom Caucus, in particular, is hindering progress. The Senate has already passed a short-term spending bill, but the House is not expected to call it to a vote. The standoff may not last longer than a week, but it is unclear what is needed to get the ball rolling.
• The row over government debt continues to unnerve investors, highlighting government dysfunction. Moody’s, the last of the big three credit rating agencies to give the U.S. its highest rank, has warned that the wrangling could jeopardize its stance on U.S. government debt. At the same time, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has warned that a delay in releasing data could complicate policymakers’ ability to judge the economy’s state, especially the heavily watched job employment numbers, which could lead to market volatility.

• Legislative gridlock is likely to persist over the next few years, as neither Republicans nor Democrats have been able to create a unified message for the country. This growing partisanship suggests that neither side will be able to make major changes to the economic system without the help of the court system, which typically favors conservatives. Therefore, it is unlikely that the government will be able to reach a long-term resolution on its burgeoning debt burden. While this may make investors less likely to hold U.S. Treasury securities, we do not believe that these concerns will outweigh other issues, such as inflation and economic growth.

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by Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA, and Thomas Wash

[Posted: 9:30 AM EDT] | PDF

Good morning! The S&P 500 is off to a decent start, 10-year Treasury yields are up, and Republican contenders failed to make a spark at last night’s debate. Today’s Comment will cover the rising dollar, several unions’ fights against AI, and Russia’s waning influence over neighboring regions.

Fed Lifting the Dollar: The U.S. dollar has hit a 10-month high against its peers as investors accept the Fed’s “restrictive for longer” narrative.

• Bolstered by stronger-than-expected economic growth and hawkish monetary policy from the Federal Reserve, the dollar index is poised for its eleventh consecutive week of gains, outperforming its G-10 peers. Meanwhile, Fed policymakers have shown a greater willingness to tighten policy than their counterparts at the ECB and BOJ who have both maintained a preference for keeping rates at their current levels at least for the rest of 2023. Earlier this month, Fed Governor Michelle Bowman and Boston Fed President Susan Collins called for further tightening to address rising inflation. However, Minneapolis Fed President Neel Kashkari has cautioned that economic disruptions, such as a government shutdown or union strikes, could lead FOMC members to hold off on another rate increase.
• The USD is likely to remain strong in the near term due to expectations of higher interest rates and faster economic growth in the U.S. than in other major economies. Interest rate swaps suggest that U.S. policy rates will rise faster than most other advanced economies in the coming three months. At the same time, GDP growth is expected to accelerate in the U.S. from an annual rate of 2.2% to 4.9% in the third quarter. In contrast, nowcasts show that the eurozone economy will contract an annualized 0.9% from July to September, and Canada’s economy will expand by a scant annual rate of 1.2% in the same period.

• Despite its current strength, the dollar is likely to face some headwinds in 2024. This is because Fed officials expect to cut interest rates at least once next year, while other central banks may keep rates steady or even tighten. As this chart above shows, U.S. policy rates generally rise and fall faster when compared to other advanced economies. The divergence in monetary policy could lead to a period in which other currencies start to gain on the dollar. This may make foreign stocks more attractive, especially as countries start to exit the trough phase of the business cycle.

Unions Against AI: The new labor contract for screenwriters may provide a roadmap of how labor unions can protect themselves against AI.

• Hollywood screenwriters have ended their five-month strike against studios and are expected to return to work this week. Under the new agreement, studios are required to disclose whether material given to them has been sourced from AI, either partially or in full. AI cannot receive a writer’s credit, and AI cannot be used to rewrite scripts. These new rules are the first time that guardrails have been established for this burgeoning technology, and similar agreements are expected to follow. Not long after the agreement, Hollywood video game actors announced their own strike, seeking further limits on AI.
• The movement to combat the threat of AI is likely to spread to other industries, as workers across the globe become concerned about its potential to displace them. A recent study from Goldman Sachs suggests that over 300 million jobs may be at risk, and a Pew Research study found that 27% of jobs that require a bachelor’s degrees may also be vulnerable. This rising fear has led to increased political scrutiny, as governments seek to understand and mitigate the potentially negative impacts of AI. In order to alleviate concerns, President Biden is expected to release an executive order on AI in the coming weeks.

(Source: Pew Research Center)

• Despite its growing significance, the labor struggles against AI have, so far, flown under the radar. During Wednesday’s Republican debate, there were few references to the new technology. This is likely to change during the election season, as candidates will be forced to discuss how they plan to mitigate the impact of AI on the job market, while still incentivizing firms to innovate as the U.S. looks to maintain its lead on China in that area. Although AI is likely to offer a lot of productivity gains and make firms more profitable, regulatory uncertainty still makes investment in the space relatively difficult, especially at current valuations.

Russia’s Waning Influence: An ally of Moscow was forced to cede territory to a rival after a tumultuous conflict.

• The self-governing Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian enclave within a territory internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, surrendered to Azerbaijan following a military clash last week, and announced it will dissolve on January 1, 2024. Many Armenian residents were allowed to leave, but some were forced to stay, including billionaire Ruben Vardanyan, who has close ties to the Kremlin. The region, which many believed was under Russian protection, now faces accusations of ethnic cleansing, as locals fear retaliation from their Azerbaijani captors. This situation reflects Russia’s inability to enforce the ceasefire that it brokered with Azerbaijan in 2020. 
• Russia’s reluctance to get involved in conflicts outside of Ukraine may be due to budget constraints. As a result of Western isolation and sanctions, the Kremlin has had trouble funding its expenditures and has been working to reduce its debt burden. The government has been able to lower its debt by around $128 billion since the start of the war, as it adapts to a changing environment. The recent rebound in oil prices has offered the country some relief, but domestic shortages have forced the country to ban exports of certain fuels.

• Russia’s waning influence in the Caucasus and Central Asia could create a power vacuum that could be exploited by other actors and potentially lead to increased conflict. Countries such as Georgia and Kazakhstan are likely vulnerable to heightened tensions given the lack of a Russian counterweight. At this time, it appear that China and the U.S. are looking to fill the void left by Moscow, but it isn’t clear whether either side can offer the same level of security commitments. An outbreak of violence, particularly in the countries surrounding the Caspian Sea, could further exacerbate commodity uncertainty and drive up oil prices, as the region supplies over 20% of global oil and 26% of global gas supplies. Investors should pay close attention to tensions in this part of the world.

Other stories that made us think:

• Why Hasn’t the Gold Price Fallen Further?– Bloomberg
• Oil Prices Are Rising. Shale Isn’t Coming to the Rescue– Wall Street Journal
• Rising headwinds threaten US economy’s resilience– Financial Times

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